A Vindication of the Press.
by Daniel Defoe.
INTRODUCTION
_A Vindication of the Press_ is one of Defoe"s most characteristic pamphlets and for this reason as well as for its rarity deserves reprinting. Besides the New York Public Library copy, here reproduced, I know of but one copy, which is in the Indiana University Library.
Neither the Bodleian nor the British Museum has a copy.
Like many items in the Defoe canon, this tract must be a.s.signed to him on the basis of internal evidence; but this evidence, though circ.u.mstantial, is convincing. W.P. Trent included _A Vindication_ in his bibliography of Defoe in the _CHEL_, and later bibliographers of Defoe have followed him in accepting it. Since the copy here reproduced was the one examined by Professor Trent, the following pa.s.sage from his ms. notes is of interest:
The tract was advertised, for "this day," in the _St. James Evening Post_, April 19-22, 1718. It is not included in the chief lists of Defoe"s writings, but it has been sold as his, and the only copy I have seen, one kindly loaned me by Dr. J.E. Spingarn, once belonged to some eighteenth century owner, who wrote Defoe"s name upon it. I was led by the advertis.e.m.e.nt mentioned above to seek the pamphlet, thinking it might be Defoe"s; but I failed to secure a sight of it until Professor Spingarn asked me whether in my opinion the ascription to Defoe was warranted, and produced his copy.
Perhaps the most striking evidence for Defoe"s authorship of _A Vindication_ is the extraordinary reference to his own natural parts and to the popularity of _The True-Born Englishman_ some seventeen years after that topical poem had appeared [pp. 29f.]. Defoe was justly proud of this verse satire, one of his most successful works, and referred to it many times in later writings; it is hard to believe, however, that anyone but Defoe would have praised it in such fulsome terms in 1718.
The general homeliness and facility of the style, together with characteristic phrases which occur in his other writings, indicate Defoe"s hand. Likewise homely similitudes and comparisons, specific parallels with his known work, and characteristic treatment of matter familiar in his other works, all furnish evidence of his authorship of this pamphlet.
Just what motive caused Defoe to write _A Vindication of the Press_ is not clear. Unlike his earlier _An Essay on the Regulation of the Press_ (1704), _A Vindication_ does not seem to have been occasioned by a specific situation, and in it Defoe is not alone concerned with freedom of the press, but writes on a more general and discursive level. His opening paragraph states that "The very great Clamour against some late Performances of Authorship, and the unprecedented Criticisms introduc"d" make such an essay as he writes "absolutely necessary." Yet there is no clear indication of just what works occasion this necessity. The ironic reference to Mr. Dennis at the end of the first paragraph, taken together with the praise of Mr. Pope"s translation of Homer and the allusion to "the malicious and violent Criticisms of a certain Gentleman in its Disfavour" [p. 23], might suggest that Defoe had in mind Dennis" _Remarks upon Mr. Pope"s Translation of Homer_, but even the entire body of writings attacking Pope"s _Homer_ would hardly seem sufficient to give point to this somewhat omnibus and unfocused essay.
Equally suggestive, perhaps, are Defoe"s references to the Bangorian controversy and to Bishop Hoadley [pp. 10, 23]. This controversy raged from 1717 to 1720 and produced a spate of pamphlets (to which Defoe contributed), many of which were marked by heated argument and acrimony. Defoe, with his liking for moderation, no doubt intended to make an oblique criticism of the license of many of the Bangorian tracts. But these tracts are certainly not advanced as the prime occasion for _A Vindication_.
Defoe points out in the first section of his essay how important is freedom of the press as the foundation of the "valuable liberties" of Englishmen. I have been unable to find any reference to a specific threat of regulation of the press at this time that might have occasioned _A Vindication_. Nevertheless, it is possible that sentiment for control of the press, perhaps incited by the Bangorian controversy, was felt in 1718 and may have been a contributing motive to the composition of this tract. Whatever the immediate motives for writing it may have been, the variety of its contents suggests that Defoe saw an opportunity to turn a penny, to express himself on a number of his pet subjects, and to defend his own position as a professional writer.
_A Vindication_ is made up of three clearly marked sections: in the first the author vindicates the usefulness of writing; in the second he discusses the usefulness--it would be more exact to say the harmfulness--of criticism; in the third he expatiates upon the qualifications of authors. One may admit at once the comparative worthlessness of the pamphlet as a contribution to criticism or critical theory. Defoe"s comments upon specific writers are thoroughly conventional and commonplace, as may be seen from a glance at his remarks about Milton, Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, and others on p.
12.
Of more interest is his very high praise of Dryden, "a Man for Learning and universal Writing in Poetry, perhaps the greatest that England has produc"d" [p. l5], and his comment upon the critical detraction from which he suffered. He compares Pope, interestingly enough, with Dryden, remarking that Pope ("a Person tho" Inferior to Mr. _Dryden_, yet speaking Impartially has few Superiors in this Age") also is persecuted by envy; and he has generous praise for that poet"s translation of Homer. One may note that Defoe avoids the shortcomings of the critics whom he condemns for judging according to party. He distributes his praise indiscriminately between Whig and Tory writers.
In short, his essay hardly does more than confirm the critical commonplaces of the time and attest to the catholicity of the author"s taste.
Of particular interest for students of Defoe is the paragraph [p. 2l]
in which Defoe defends the hack-writers who must write for subsistence. One should not expect their writings, which are necessarily numerous, to be as correct and finished as they might be.
After comparing their pens to prost.i.tutes because of their venality, he claims, in a half-ironic tone, for both authors and booksellers the liberty of writing and printing for either or both sides without ignominy. After all, they must write and print to live. Such practice is certainly, he observes, no more unjust or disreputable than other ways of gaining wealth such as one finds in Exchange-Alley.
This paragraph gains point when one remembers that Defoe had served both Whig and Tory governments. In 1718, as letters written to Lord Stanhope in that very year testify, he was engaged in the perhaps dubious business of masquerading as a Tory, while actually in the service of the Whig ministry, to take the "sting" out of the more violent Tory periodicals; and he was much concerned with the danger of his ambiguous position. In December of 1717 he had been identified as a writer for _Mist"s Weekly Journal_, the leading Tory paper, and was subjected to growing attacks in the Whig press. One can hardly doubt that this paragraph is a thinly veiled defense of his own practice as a professional journalist.
It is no surprise to find the author of _A Vindication_, in discussing the qualifications of writers, advocating the importance of genius and "Natural Parts" above mere learning. He instances the author of _The True-Born Englishman_ and Shakespeare, the former "Characteriz"d as a Person of Little Learning, but of prodigious Natural Parts" and the latter having "but a small share of Literature." The further example of the literary achievements of the "Fair s.e.x," who had, of course, no university education, reminds one of Defoe"s championship elsewhere of women. The business of a writer is "to please and inform," and the general implication is that genius is more necessary to this end than learning.
Also characteristic of Defoe is his emphasis upon the advantage to an author of conversation, "the Aliment of Genius, the Life of all airy Performances" [p.32]. Likewise, his digression upon education [pp.
34f.], his charge that people of quality in England all too often neglect their children"s education, his remarks upon the advantages of travel and the need of training in the vernacular, all will be familiar to readers of Defoe.
_A Vindication of the Press_ is chiefly important for the corroboration of our knowledge of Daniel Defoe. It presents nothing that is new, but it gives further evidence of his pride in authorship, of his rationalization of his actions as a professional journalist, and of his belief in the importance of a free press. Many of his characteristic ideas are repeated with his usual consistency in point of view. Although the critical comments in the essay are thoroughly conventional, they offer evidence of contemporary literary judgments and reveal Defoe as a well-informed man of moderation and commonsense, though certainly not as a profound critic. In the catholicity of his tastes and interests Defoe is far ahead of his Puritan fellows, and his essay may be taken as one indication of the growing interest of the middle-cla.s.ses for whom he wrote in the greater world of literature. As Professor Trent remarks in his ms. notes, "Defoe rarely wrote a tract without introducing something worthy of attention and comment, and the present pamphlet is no exception to the rule."
I should like to thank Dr. Henry C. Hutchins for his generosity in making available to me Professor Trent"s ms. notes on _A Vindication_ and Dr. John Robert Moore for his kindness, criticisms, and suggestions.
Otho Clinton Williams San Jose State College
Vindication of the Press:
OR, AN ESSAY ON THE _Usefulness of Writing_, ON CRITICISM, AND THE
Qualification of AUTHORS.
Wherein is shewn,
That "tis for the Advantage of all Governments to encourage Writing; otherwise a Nation would never be secure from the Attempts of its most secret Enemies; Barbarous and prejudic"d Criticisms on Writings are detected, and Criticism is justly stated. With an Examination into what Genius"s and Learning are necessary for an AUTHOR in all manner of Performances.
_LONDON_:
Printed for _T. Warner_, at the _Black-Boy_ in Pater-Noster-Row.
MDCCXVIII.
[Price Sixpence.]
[ILl.u.s.tRATION]
A Vindication of the PRESS:
OR, AN ESSAY ON THE _Usefulness of Writing_, &c.
The very great Clamour against some late Performances or Authorship, and the unpresidented Criticisms introduc"d, render a Treatise on the Usefulness of Writing in general so absolutely necessary, that the Author of this Essay has not the least Apprehensions of Displeasure from the most inveterate, but on the contrary, doubts not an Approbation, even of the Great Mr. _Dennis_.
For the Usefulness of Writing in the Church, I shall trace back to the Annals of our Saviour and his Apostles. Had not Writing been at that Time in use, what Obscurity might we reasonably have expected the whole World would have labour"d under at this Day? when, notwithstanding the Infidels possess such vast Regions, and Religion in its Purity shines but in a small Quarter of the Globe. "Tis easy-to imagine, that without the New-Testament every Person of excellency in Literature, and compleat in Hypocrisy, either out of Interest, or other worldly Views, would have taken the Liberty to deny the most Sacred Traditions, and to have impos"d upon the Populace as many Religions as they pleas"d, and that the ignorant Mult.i.tude would easily acquiesce, as they do in _Turkey_, and other distant Parts of the World, which deny the Divinity of our Saviour.
What fatal Errors, Schisms, and concomitant Evils would have been introduc"d, must be apparent to all Persons of the least Penetration.
The Quakers might at this Time possibly have been our National Church, and our present Happiness, with regard to those Considerations, can no way be more lively and amply demonstrated than in taking a step at once from Mr. _Penn"s_ Conventicle to the Cathedral Church of St.
_Pauls_.
The Regularity and heavenly Decorum of the latter, give an Awe and Transport to the Audience at the same time they ornament Religion; and the Confusion of the former fully shews, that as it only serves to amuse a Crowd of ignorant Wretches, unless meerly with temporal Views (Sectarists generally calculating Religion for their Interests) so it gives a License to all manner of Indecencies, and the Congregations usually resort thither with the same Regard as a Rake of the Town would do to Mother _Wybourn"s_, or any publick Place of Diversion.
Whether it be not natural to have expected a Confusion in the Church, equal to that of the worst Sectaries in the World, had not the Use of Waiting been early attain"d and practis"d, I appeal to the Breast of every unprejudic"d Reader; and if so, how infinitely happy are we by the Use of our Sacred Writings, which clear up the Cloud of Ignorance and Error, and give a Sanction to our Religion, besides the Satisfaction we of the Church of _England_ have in this felicitous Contemplation, that our Religion, since the Reformation, strictly observ"d, is the nearest that of our Saviour and his Apostles of any Profession of Faith upon Earth.
"Tis owing to Writing, that we enjoy the purest Religion in the World, and exclusive of it, there would have been no possibility of transmitting down entirely those valuable Maxims of _Solomon_, and the Sufferings of the Righteous _Job_, in the old Testament; which are so extensive to all Parts and Stations of Life, that as they are infinitely preferable to all other Writings of the Kind, so they afford the greatest Comfort and Repose in the Vicisitudes incident to Humane Nature.
How far Theology is improv"d from those inestimable Writings, I need not to enlarge, since it is highly conspicuous that they are the Foundation of all Divine Literature; and how ignorant and imperfect we should have been without them, is no great difficulty to explain; and who can sufficiently admire the Psalter of _David_, which fills the Soul with Rapture, and gives an Antic.i.p.ation of sublimest Joys.
Besides the Advantages of Sacred Writings in the Cause of Religion; "tis chiefly owing to Writing, that we have our most valuable Liberties preserv"d; and "tis observable, that the Liberty of the Press is no where restrain"d but in Roman Catholick Countries, or Kingdoms, or States Exercising an Absolute Power.
In the Kingdom of _France_ Writings relating to the Church and State are prohibited upon the severest Penalties, and the Consequences of those Laws are very Obvious to all Persons of Discernment here; they serve to secure the Subject in the utmost Obscurity, and as it were Effect an entire Ignorance, whereby an exorbitant Power is chearfully submitted to, and a perfect Obedience paid to Tyranny; and the Ignorance and Superst.i.tion of these People so powerfully prevail, that the greatest Oppressor is commonly the most entirely Belov"d, which I take to be sufficiently ently Ill.u.s.trated in the late _Lewis_ the Fourteenth, whose Arbitrary Government was so far from Diminishing the Affections of his Subjects, that it highten"d their Esteem for their Grand Monarch.
But of late the populace of _France_ are not so perfectly enclouded with Superst.i.tion, and if a young Author can pretend to Divine, I think it is easy to foresee that the papal Power will in a very short s.p.a.ce be considerably lessen"d if not in a great measure disregarded in that Kingdom, by the intestine Jarrs and Discords of their Parties for Religion, and the Desultory Judgments of the most considerable Prelates.
The best Support of an Arbitrary Power is undoubtedly Ignorance, and this cannot be better cultivated than by an Absolute Denial of Printing; the Oppressions of the Popularity cannot be thoroughly Stated, or Liberty in general Propagated without the use of the Press in some measure, and therefore the Subjects must inevitably submit to such Ordinances as an Ambitious or Ignorant Monarch and his Tyrannical Council shall think fit to impose upon them, how Arbitrary soever: And the Hands of the Patriots and Men of Eminence who should Illuminate the Age, and open the Eyes of the deluded People are thereby tied up, and the Infelicity of the Populace so compleat that they are incapable of either seeing their approaching Misery, or having a redress of present Grievances.