Angelic Wisdom Concerning the Divine Love and the Divine Wisdom.
by Emanuel Swedenborg.
NOTE
The previous translation of this work has been carefully revised. In this revision the translator has had the valuable a.s.sistance of suggestions by the Rev. L.H. Tafel and others. The new renderings of _existere_ and _fugere_ are suggestions adopted by the Editorial Committee and accepted by the translator, but for which he does not wish to be held solely responsible.
1. PART FIRST.
LOVE IS THE LIFE OF MAN.
Man knows that there is such a thing as love, but he does not know what love is. He knows that there is such a thing as love from common speech, as when it is said, he loves me, a king loves his subjects, and subjects love their king, a husband loves his wife, a mother her children, and conversely; also, this or that one loves his country, his fellow citizens, his neighbor; and likewise of things abstracted from person, as when it is said, one loves this or that thing. But although the word love is so universally used, hardly anybody knows what love is. And because one is unable, when he reflects upon it, to form to himself any idea of thought about it, he says either that it is not anything, or that it is merely something flowing in from sight, hearing, touch, or interaction with others, and thus affecting him. He is wholly unaware that love is his very life; not only the general life of his whole body, and the general life of all his thoughts, but also the life of all their particulars.
This a man of discernment can perceive when it is said: If you remove the affection which is from love, can you think anything, or do anything?
Do not thought, speech, and action, grow cold in the measure in which the affection which is from love grows cold? And do they not grow warm in the measure in which this affection grows warm? But this a man of discernment perceives simply by observing that such is the case, and not from any knowledge that love is the life of man.
2. What the life of man is, no one knows unless he knows that it is love.
If this is not known, one person may believe that man"s life is nothing but perceiving with the senses and acting, and another that it is merely thinking; and yet thought is the first effect of life, and sensation and action are the second effect of life. Thought is here said to be the first effect of life, yet there is thought which is interior and more interior, also exterior and more exterior. What is actually the first effect of life is inmost thought, which is the perception of ends. But of all this hereafter, when the degrees of life are considered.
3. Some idea of love, as being the life of man, may be had from the sun"s heat in the world. This heat is well known to be the common life, as it were, of all the vegetations of the earth. For by virtue of heat, coming forth in springtime, plants of every kind rise from the ground, deck themselves with leaves, then with blossoms, and finally with fruits, and thus, in a sense, live. But when, in the time of autumn and winter, heat withdraws, the plants are stripped of these signs of their life, and they wither. So it is with love in man; for heat and love mutually correspond.
Therefore love also is warm.
4. G.o.d ALONE, CONSEQUENTLY THE LORD, IS LOVE ITSELF, BECAUSE HE IS LIFE ITSELF AND ANGELS AND MEN ARE RECIPIENTS OF LIFE.
This will be fully shown in treatises on Divine Providence and on Life; it is sufficient here to say that the Lord, who is the G.o.d of the universe, is uncreate and infinite, whereas man and angel are created and finite.
And because the Lord is uncreate and infinite, He is Being [Esse] itself, which is called "Jehovah," and Life itself, or Life in itself. From the uncreate, the infinite, Being itself and Life itself, no one can be created immediately, because the Divine is one and indivisible; but their creation must be out of things created and finited, and so formed that the Divine can be in them. Because men and angels are such, they are recipients of life. Consequently, if any man suffers himself to be so far misled as to think that he is not a recipient of life but is Life, he cannot be withheld from the thought that he is G.o.d. A man"s feeling as if he were life, and therefore believing himself to be so, arises from fallacy; for the princ.i.p.al cause is not perceived in the instrumental cause otherwise than as one with it. That the Lord is Life in Himself, He Himself teaches in John:
As the Father hath life in Himself, so also hath He given to the Son to have life in Himself (5:26) He declares also that He is Life itself (John 11:25; 14:6).
Now since life and love are one (as is apparent from what has been said above, n. 1, 2), it follows that the Lord, because He is Life itself, is Love itself.
5. But that this may reach the understanding, it must needs be known positively that the Lord, because He is Love in its very essence, that is, Divine Love, appears before the angels in heaven as a sun, and that from that sun heat and light go forth; the heat which goes forth therefrom being in its essence love, and the light which goes forth therefrom being in its essence wisdom; and that so far as the angels are recipients of that spiritual heat and of that spiritual light, they are loves and wisdoms; not loves and wisdoms from themselves, but from the Lord. That spiritual heat and that spiritual light not only flow into angels and affect them, but they also flow into men and affect them just to the extent that they become recipients; and they become recipients in the measure of their love to the Lord and love towards the neighbor. That sun itself, that is, the Divine Love, by its heat and its light, cannot create any one immediately from itself; for one so created would be Love in its essence, which Love is the Lord Himself; but it can create from substances and matters so formed as to be capable of receiving the very heat and the very light; comparatively as the sun of the world cannot by its heat and light produce germinations on the earth immediately, but only out of earthy matters in which it can be present by its heat and light, and cause vegetation. In the spiritual world the Divine Love of the Lord appears as a sun, and from it proceed the spiritual heat and the spiritual light from which the angels derive love and wisdom, as may be seen in the work on Heaven and h.e.l.l (n. 116-140).
6. Since, then, man is not life, but is a recipient of life, it follows that the conception of a man from his father is not a conception of life, but only a conception of the first and purest form capable of receiving life; and to this, as to a nucleus or starting-point in the womb, are successively added substances and matters in forms adapted to the reception of life, in their order and degree.
7. THE DIVINE IS NOT IN s.p.a.cE.
That the Divine, that is, G.o.d, is not in s.p.a.ce, although omnipresent and with every man in the world, and with every angel in heaven, and with every spirit under heaven, cannot be comprehended by a merely natural idea, but it can by a spiritual idea. It cannot be comprehended by a natural idea, because in the natural idea there is s.p.a.ce; since it is formed out of such things as are in the world, and in each and all of these, as seen by the eye, there is s.p.a.ce. In the world, everything great and small is of s.p.a.ce; everything long, broad, and high is of s.p.a.ce; in short, every measure, figure and form is of s.p.a.ce. This is why it has been said that it cannot be comprehended by a merely natural idea that the Divine is not in s.p.a.ce, when it is said that the Divine is everywhere.
Still, by natural thought, a man may comprehend this, if only he admit into it something of spiritual light. For this reason something shall first be said about spiritual idea, and thought therefrom. Spiritual idea derives nothing from s.p.a.ce, but it derives its all from state. State is predicated of love, of life, of wisdom, of affections, of joys therefrom; in general, of good and of truth. An idea of these things which is truly spiritual has nothing in common with s.p.a.ce; it is higher and looks down upon the ideas of s.p.a.ce which are under it as heaven looks down upon the earth. But since angels and spirits see with eyes, just as men in the world do, and since objects cannot be seen except in s.p.a.ce, therefore in the spiritual world where angels and spirits are, there appear to be s.p.a.ces like the s.p.a.ces on earth; yet they are not s.p.a.ces, but appearances; since they are not fixed and constant, as s.p.a.ces are on earth; for they can be lengthened or shortened; they can be changed or varied. Thus because they cannot be determined in that world by measure, they cannot be comprehended there by any natural idea, but only by a spiritual idea. The spiritual idea of distances of s.p.a.ce is the same as of distances of good or distances of truth, which are affinities and likenesses according to states of goodness and truth.
8. From this it may be seen that man is unable, by a merely natural idea, to comprehend that the Divine is everywhere, and yet not in s.p.a.ce; but that angels and spirits comprehend this clearly; consequently that a man also may, provided he admits into his thought something of spiritual light; and this for the reason that it is not his body that thinks, but his spirit, thus not his natural, but his spiritual.
9. But many fail to comprehend this because of their love of the natural, which makes them unwilling to raise the thoughts of their understanding above the natural into spiritual light; and those who are unwilling to do this can think only from s.p.a.ce, even concerning G.o.d; and to think according to s.p.a.ce concerning G.o.d is to think concerning the expanse of nature. This has to be premised, because without a knowledge and some perception that the Divine is not in s.p.a.ce, nothing can be understood about the Divine Life, which is Love and Wisdom, of which subjects this volume treats; and hence little, if anything, about Divine Providence, Omnipresence, Omniscience, Omnipotence, Infinity and Eternity, which will be treated of in succession.
10. It has been said that in the spiritual world, just as in the natural world, there appear to be s.p.a.ces, consequently also distances, but that these are appearances according to spiritual affinities which are of love and wisdom, or of good and truth. From this it is that the Lord, although everywhere in the heavens with angels, nevertheless appears high above them as a sun. Furthermore, since reception of love and wisdom causes affinity with the Lord, those heavens in which the angels are, from reception, in closer affinity with Him, appear nearer to Him than those in which the affinity is more remote. From this it is also that the heavens, of which there are three, are distinct from each other, likewise the societies of each heaven; and further, that the h.e.l.ls under them are remote according to their rejection of love and wisdom. The same is true of men, in whom and with whom the Lord is present throughout the whole earth; and this solely for the reason that the Lord is not in s.p.a.ce.
11. G.o.d IS VERY MAN.
In all the heavens there is no other idea of G.o.d than that He is a Man.
This is because heaven as a whole and in part is in form like a man, and because it is the Divine which is with the angels that const.i.tutes heaven and inasmuch as thought proceeds according to the form of heaven, it is impossible for the angels to think of G.o.d in any other way. From this it is that all those in the world who are conjoined with heaven think of G.o.d in the same way when they think interiorly in themselves, that is, in their spirit. From this fact that G.o.d is a Man, all angels and all spirits, in their complete form, are men. This results from the form of heaven, which is like itself in its greatest and in its least parts. That heaven as a whole and in part is in form like a man may be seen in the work on Heaven and h.e.l.l (n. 59-87); and that thoughts proceed according to the form of heaven (n. 203, 204). It is known from Genesis (1:26, 27), that men were created after the image and likeness of G.o.d. G.o.d also appeared as a man to Abraham and to others. The ancients, from the wise even to the simple, thought of G.o.d no otherwise than as being a Man; and when at length they began to worship a plurality of G.o.ds, as at Athens and Rome, they worshiped them all as men. What is here said may be ill.u.s.trated by the following extract from a small treatise already published:
The Gentiles, especially the Africans, who acknowledge and worship one G.o.d, the Creator of the universe, have concerning G.o.d the idea that He is a Man, and declare that no one can have any other idea of G.o.d. When they learn that there are many who cherish an idea of G.o.d as something cloud-like in the midst of things, they ask where such persons are; and on being told that they are among Christians, they declare it to be impossible. They are informed, however, that this idea arises from the fact that G.o.d in the Word is called "a Spirit," and of a spirit they have no other idea than of a bit of cloud, not knowing that every spirit and every angel is a man. An examination, nevertheless, was made, whether the spiritual idea of such persons was like their natural idea, and it was found not to be so with those who acknowledge the Lord interiorly as G.o.d of heaven and earth. I heard a certain elder from the Christians say that no one can have an idea of a Human Divine; and I saw him taken about to various Gentile nations, and successively to such as were more and more interior, and from them to their heavens, and finally to the Christian heaven; and everywhere their interior perception concerning G.o.d was communicated to him, and he observed that they had no other idea of G.o.d than that He is a man, which is the same as the idea of a Human Divine (C.L.J. n. 74).
12. The common people in Christendom have an idea that G.o.d is a Man, because G.o.d in the Athanasian doctrine of the Trinity is called a "Person." But those who are more learned than the common people p.r.o.nounce G.o.d to be invisible; and this for the reason that they cannot comprehend how G.o.d, as a Man, could have created heaven and earth, and then fill the universe with His presence, and many things besides, which cannot enter the understanding so long as the truth that the Divine is not in s.p.a.ce is ignored. Those, however, who go to the Lord alone think of a Human Divine, thus of G.o.d as a Man.
13. How important it is to have a correct idea of G.o.d can be known from the truth that the idea of G.o.d const.i.tutes the inmost of thought with all who have religion, for all things of religion and all things of worship look to G.o.d. And since G.o.d, universally and in particular, is in all things of religion and of worship, without a proper idea of G.o.d no communication with the heavens is possible. From this it is that in the spiritual world every nation has its place allotted in accordance with its idea of G.o.d as a Man; for in this idea, and in no other, is the idea of the Lord. That man"s state of life after death is according to the idea of G.o.d in which he has become confirmed, is manifest from the opposite of this, namely, that the denial of G.o.d, and, in the Christian world, the denial of the Divinity of the Lord, const.i.tutes h.e.l.l.
14. IN G.o.d-MAN ESSE AND EXISTERE* ARE ONE DISTINCTLY**
Where there is Esse [being] there is Existere [taking form]; one is not possible apart from the other. For Esse is by means of Existere, and not apart from it. This the rational mind comprehends when it thinks whether there can possibly be any Esse [being] which does not Exist [take form], and whether there can possibly be Existere except from Esse. And since one is possible with the other, and not apart from the other, it follows that they are one, but one distinctly. They are one distinctly, like Love and Wisdom; in fact, love is Esse, and wisdom is Existere; for there can be no love except in wisdom, nor can there be any wisdom except from love; consequently when love is in wisdom, then it EXISTS. These two are one in such a way that they may be distinguished in thought but not in operation, and because they may be distinguished in thought though not in operation, it is said that they are one distinctly.*** Esse and Existere in G.o.d-Man are also one distinctly like soul and body. There can be no soul apart from its body, nor body apart from its soul. The Divine soul of G.o.d-Man is what is meant by Divine Esse, and the Divine Body is what is meant by Divine Existere. That a soul can exist apart from a body, and can think and be wise, is an error springing from fallacies; for every man"s soul is in a spiritual body after it has cast off the material coverings which it carried about in the world.
* To be and to exist. Swedenborg seems to use this word "exist" nearly in the cla.s.sical sense of springing or standing forth, becoming manifest, taking form. The distinction between esse and existere is essentially the same as between substance and form.
** For the meaning of this phrase. "distincte unum," see below in this paragraph, also n. 17, 22, 34, 223, and DP 4.
*** It should be noticed that in Latin, distinctly is the adverb of the verb distinguish. If translated distinguishably, this would appear.
15. Esse is not Esse unless it Exists, because until then it is not in a form, and if not in a form it has no quality; and what has no quality is not anything. That which Exists from Esse, for the reason that it is from Esse, makes one with it. From this there is a uniting of the two into one; and from this each is the others mutually and interchangeably, and each is all in all things of the other as in itself.
16. From this it can be seen that G.o.d is a Man, and consequently He is G.o.d-Existing; not existing from Himself but in Himself. He who has existence in Himself is G.o.d from whom all things are.
17. IN G.o.d-MAN INFINITE THINGS ARE ONE DISTINCTLY.
That G.o.d is infinite is well known, for He is called the Infinite; and He is called the Infinite because He is infinite. He is infinite not from this alone, that He is very Esse and Existere in itself, but because in Him there are infinite things. An infinite without infinite things in it, is infinite in name only. The infinite things in Him cannot be called infinitely many, nor infinitely all, because of the natural idea of many and of all; for the natural idea of infinitely many is limited, and the natural idea of infinitely all, though not limited, is derived from limited things in the universe. Therefore man, because his ideas are natural, is unable by any refinement or approximation, to come into a perception of the infinite things in G.o.d; and an angel, while he is able, because he is in spiritual ideas, to rise by refinement and approximation above the degree of man, is still unable to attain to that perception.
18. That in G.o.d there are infinite things, any one may convince himself who believes that G.o.d is a Man; for, being a Man, He has a body and every thing pertaining to it, that is, a face, breast, abdomen, loins and feet; for without these He would not be a Man. And having these, He also has eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and tongue; also the parts within man, as the heart and lungs, and their dependencies, all of which, taken together, make man to be a man. In a created man these parts are many, and regarded in their details of structure are numberless; but in G.o.d-Man they are infinite, nothing whatever is lacking, and from this He has infinite perfection. This comparison holds between the uncreated Man who is G.o.d and created man, because G.o.d is a Man; and He Himself says that the man of this world was created after His image and into His likeness (Gen. 1:26, 27).
19. That in G.o.d there are infinite things, is still more evident to the angels from the heavens in which they dwell. The whole heaven, consisting of myriads of myriads of angels, in its universal form is like a man. So is each society of heaven, be it larger or smaller. From this, too, an angel is a man, for an angel is a heaven in least form. (This is shown in the work Heaven and h.e.l.l, n. 51-86.) Heaven as a whole, in part, and in the individual, is in that form by virtue of the Divine which angels receive; for in the measure in which an angel receives from the Divine is he in complete form a man. From this it is that angels are said to be in G.o.d, and G.o.d in them; also, that G.o.d is their all. How many things there are in heaven cannot be told; and because the Divine is what makes heaven, and consequently these unspeakably many things are from the Divine, it is clearly evident that there are infinite things in Very Man, who is G.o.d.
20. From the created universe a like conclusion may be drawn when it is regarded from uses and their correspondences. But before this can be understood some preliminary ill.u.s.trations must be given.
21. Because in G.o.d-Man there are infinite things which appear in heaven, in angel, and in man, as in a mirror; and because G.o.d-Man is not in s.p.a.ce (as was shown above, n. 7-10), it can, to some extent, be seen and comprehended how G.o.d can be Omnipresent, Omniscient, and All-providing; and how, as Man, He could create all things, and as Man can hold the things created by Himself in their order to eternity.
22. That in G.o.d-Man infinite things are one distinctly, can also be seen, as in a mirror, from man. In man there are many and numberless things, as said above; but still man feels them all as one. From sensation he knows nothing of his brains, of his heart and lungs, of his liver, spleen, and pancreas; or of the numberless things in his eyes, ears, tongue, stomach, generative organs, and the remaining parts; and because from sensation he has no knowledge of these things, he is to himself as a one. The reason is that all these are in such a form that not one can be lacking; for it is a form recipient of life from G.o.d-Man (as was shown above, n. 4-6).
From the order and connection of all things in such a form there comes the feeling, and from that the idea, as if they were not many and numberless, but were one. From this it may be concluded that the many and numberless things which make in man a seeming one, a Very Man who is G.o.d, are one distinctly, yea, most distinctly.
23. THERE IS ONE G.o.d-MAN, FROM WHOM ALL THINGS COME.
All things of human wisdom unite, and as it were center in this, that there is one G.o.d, the Creator of the universe: consequently a man who has reason, from the general nature of his understanding, does not and cannot think otherwise. Say to any man of sound reason that there are two Creators of the universe, and you will be sensible of his repugnance, and this, perhaps, from the mere sound of the phrase in his ear; from which it appears that all things of human reason unite and center in this, that G.o.d is one. There are two reasons for this. First, the very capacity to think rationally, viewed in itself, is not man"s, but is G.o.d"s in man; upon this capacity human reason in its general nature depends, and this general nature of reason causes man to see as from himself that G.o.d is one. Secondly, by means of that capacity man either is in the light of heaven, or he derives the generals of his thought therefrom; and it is a universal of the light of heaven that G.o.d is one.
It is otherwise when man by that capacity has perverted the lower parts of his understanding; such a man indeed is endowed with that capacity, but by the twist given to these lower parts, he turns it contrariwise, and thereby his reason becomes unsound.
24. Every man, even if unconsciously, thinks of a body of men as of one man; therefore he instantly perceives what is meant when it is said that a king is the head, and the subjects are the body, also that this or that person has such a place in the general body, that is, in the kingdom.
As it is with the body politic, so is it with the body spiritual. The body spiritual is the church; its head is G.o.d-Man; and from this it is plain how the church thus viewed as a man would appear if instead of one G.o.d, the Creator and Sustainer of the universe, several were thought of.
The church thus viewed would appear as one body with several heads; thus not as a man, but as a monster. If it be said that these heads have one essence, and that thus together they make one head, the only conception possible is either that of one head with several faces or of several heads with one face; thus making the church, viewed as a whole, appear deformed. But in truth, the one G.o.d is the head, and the church is the body, which acts under the command of the head, and not from itself; as is also the case in man; and from this it is that there can be only one king in a kingdom, for several kings would rend it asunder, but one is able to preserve its unity.
25. So would it be with the church scattered throughout the whole globe, which is called a communion, because it is as one body under one head.
It is known that the head rules the body under it at will; for understanding and will have their seat in the head; and in conformity to the understanding and will the body is directed, even to the extent that the body is nothing but obedience. As the body can do nothing except from the understanding and will in the head, so the man of the church can do nothing except from G.o.d. The body seems to act of itself, as if the hands and feet in acting are moved of themselves; or the mouth and tongue in speaking vibrate of themselves, when, in fact, they do not in the slightest degree act of themselves, but only from an affection of the will and the consequent thought of the understanding in the head.
Suppose, now, one body to have several heads and each head to be free to act from its own understanding and its own will, could such a body continue to exist? For among several heads singleness of purpose, such as results from one head would be impossible. As in the church, so in the heavens; heaven consists of myriads of myriads of angels, and unless these all and each looked to one G.o.d, they would fall away from one another and heaven would be broken up. Consequently, if an angel of heaven but thinks of a plurality of G.o.ds he is at once separated; for he is cast out into the outmost boundary of the heavens, and sinks downward.