32. Jack Weeks became ill Jack Weeks became ill: Interview with Ken Collins.
33. After Bevacqua had left Groom Lake After Bevacqua had left Groom Lake: Interview with Tony Bevacqua.
34. mission on July 26, 1968 mission on July 26, 1968: This was the first time an SR-71 was fired upon by an SA-2. With Bevacqua, in the backseat, was reconnaissance systems officer Jerry Crew. www.blackbirds.net/sr71/sr-crew-photos/ (accessed December 29, 2010). (accessed December 29, 2010).
35. The 1129th Special Activities Squadron had reached its end The 1129th Special Activities Squadron had reached its end: The Oxcart program lasted just over ten years, from its inception as a drawing on a piece of paper called A-1, in 1957, to termination in June of 1968. Lockheed produced fifteen A-12 Oxcarts, three YF-12As, and thirty-one SR-71 Blackbirds. The CIA"s John Parangosky wrote in summation, "The 49 supersonic aircraft had completed more than 7,300 flights, with 17,000 hours in the air. Over 2,400 hours had been above Mach 3. Five OXCART were lost in accidents; two pilots were killed, and two had narrow escapes. In addition, two F-101 chase planes were lost with their Air Force pilots during OXCART testing phase."
36. The CIA held a special secret ceremony at Area 51 The CIA held a special secret ceremony at Area 51: Interviews with Ken Collins, Frank Murray, Colonel Slater, and Jack Layton. Vice Admiral Rufus L. Taylor, deputy director of Central Intelligence, presented the CIA Intelligence Star for Valor to Kenneth S. Collins, Ronald L. Layton, Francis J. Murray, Dennis B. Sullivan, and Mele Vojvodich. Jack W. Weeks"s award was accepted by his widow, Sharlene Weeks. The United States Air Force Legion of Merit was presented to Colonel Hugh Slater and his deputy, Colonel Maynard N. Amundson.
37. The men moved on The men moved on: Interviews with Ken Collins, Colonel Slater, Frank Murray, Charlie Trapp, Roger Andersen.
Chapter Seventeen: The MiGs of Area 51.
Interviews: T. D. Barnes, Doris Barnes, Tony Landis, Peter Merlin, Colonel Slater, Frank Murray, Roger Andersen, Grace Weismann (Joe Walker"s widow) 1. Iraqi air force colonel named Munir Redfa Iraqi air force colonel named Munir Redfa: Uzi Mahnaimi, "Stolen Iraqi Jet Helped Israel Win Six-Day War," Sunday Times of London, Sunday Times of London, June 3, 2007. June 3, 2007.
2. "Turn back immediately" "Turn back immediately": Geller, Inside the Israeli Secret Service. Inside the Israeli Secret Service. I use information from chapter 3, "Stealing a Soviet MiG." I use information from chapter 3, "Stealing a Soviet MiG."
3. Redfa flew over Turkey Redfa flew over Turkey: Obituary, "Major-General Meir Amit," Telegraph, Telegraph, July 22, 2009. July 22, 2009.
4. Amit sat down with the Israeli air force Amit sat down with the Israeli air force: Ibid.
5. James Jesus Angleton James Jesus Angleton: Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, A Look Over My Shoulder, 275. "Jim"s interest in Israel was of exceptional value... To my knowledge, only Israel has ever dedicated a monument to a foreign intelligence officer." Angleton worked as "the Agency"s liaison with the FBI... The best of Angleton"s operational work is still cla.s.sified and in my view should remain so." 275. "Jim"s interest in Israel was of exceptional value... To my knowledge, only Israel has ever dedicated a monument to a foreign intelligence officer." Angleton worked as "the Agency"s liaison with the FBI... The best of Angleton"s operational work is still cla.s.sified and in my view should remain so."
6. Agency"s most enigmatic and bellicose spies Agency"s most enigmatic and bellicose spies: Author visit to CIA spy museum, CIA Headquarters, Langley, Virginia.
7. "wilderness of mirrors" "wilderness of mirrors": Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, A Look Over My Shoulder, 277. The phrase has become synonymous with Angleton"s thinking and most notably included Angleton"s belief that the split between the Soviet Union and China was not real. According to Helms, Angleton"s "conviction that the Sino-Soviet split was mirage created by Soviet deception experts [was] interesting but simply not true." 277. The phrase has become synonymous with Angleton"s thinking and most notably included Angleton"s belief that the split between the Soviet Union and China was not real. According to Helms, Angleton"s "conviction that the Sino-Soviet split was mirage created by Soviet deception experts [was] interesting but simply not true."
8. when they worked in the OSS counterintelligence unit, X-2 when they worked in the OSS counterintelligence unit, X-2: Ibid., chapter 28, "Beyond X-2."
9. Helms"s status with President Johnson Helms"s status with President Johnson: Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Legacy of Ashes, 319. 319.
10. But what didn"t make the news But what didn"t make the news: Interviews with Colonel Slater, Frank Murray, T. D. Barnes.
11. Doris was reading the cla.s.sified Doris was reading the cla.s.sified: Interview with Doris Barnes.
12. Beatty, Nevada, was one strange town Beatty, Nevada, was one strange town: Details about Beatty in the 1960s come from interviews with Doris Barnes and T. D. Barnes.
13. "Daddy"s s.p.a.ceship!" "Daddy"s s.p.a.ceship!": Interviews with the Barnes"s two daughters, who wish to remain anonymous.
14. where the X-15 could land if need be where the X-15 could land if need be: Interview with Peter Merlin; Barnes, "NASA X-15 Program," 1.
15. Barnes got on the radio channel Barnes got on the radio channel: The dates and data regarding X-15 mission flights can be found in Jenkins, Hypersonics Before the Shuttle. Hypersonics Before the Shuttle. This story of the missing audiotape comes from Barnes. This story of the missing audiotape comes from Barnes.
16. a catastrophic midair collision occurred a catastrophic midair collision occurred: I tell the story as Barnes related it to me. Another account appears in Donald Mallick"s The Smell of Kerosene, The Smell of Kerosene, 13235. Mallick was a.s.signed the helicopter mission to locate Walker"s crash site. 13235. Mallick was a.s.signed the helicopter mission to locate Walker"s crash site.
17. reverse engineering Colonel Redfa"s MiG reverse engineering Colonel Redfa"s MiG: Interview with Barnes.
18. Test pilots flew a total of 102 MiG missions Test pilots flew a total of 102 MiG missions: Barnes, "Exploitation of MiGs at Area 51, Project Have Doughnut," Tolip, "Black Ops: American Pilots Flying Russian Aircraft During the Cold War," MilitaryHeat.com, October 4, 2007.
19. gave birth to the Top Gun fighter-pilot school gave birth to the Top Gun fighter-pilot school: Interview with Barnes.
20. The scales had tipped The scales had tipped: Wilc.o.x, Scream of Eagles, Scream of Eagles, 7677. 7677.
Chapter Eighteen: Meltdown.
Interviews: Richard Mingus, T. D. Barnes, Troy Wade, Darwin Morgan, Milton M. Klein, Harold B. Finger 1. to see what would happen to see what would happen: Atomic Energy Commission, Summary of Project 57, the first safety test of Operation Plumbbob, report to the General Manager by the Director, Division of Military Application, Objective, 24.
2. bomber flying with four armed hydrogen bombs bomber flying with four armed hydrogen bombs: "Palomares Summary Report," Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico: Field Command Defense Nuclear Agency Technology and a.n.a.lysis Directorate, January 15, 1975.
3. SAC bombers would already be airborne SAC bombers would already be airborne: When LeMay left SAC in 1957 to become the Air Force vice chief of staff, he left behind a fighting force of 1,665 bomber aircraft, 68 bases around the world, and 224,014 men. The man who took over was Thomas S. Powers.
4. "all of a sudden, all h.e.l.l": Ron Hayes, "H-bomb Incident Crippled Pilot"s Career," Palm Beach Post, Palm Beach Post, January 17, 2007. January 17, 2007.
5. aerosolized plutonium aerosolized plutonium: Gordon Dunning, "Protective and Remedial Measures Taken Following Three Incidents of Fallout," United States Atomic Energy Commission, 1968. This was originally given as a speech called "Radiation Protection of the Public in Large Scale Nuclear Disaster," for an international agency symposium in Interlaken, Switzerland, in May 1968.
6. President Johnson learned President Johnson learned: Moran, Day We Lost the H-Bomb, Day We Lost the H-Bomb, 36. 36.
7. official nuclear disaster response team official nuclear disaster response team: Memo, Secret, United States Atomic Energy Commission, No. 234505, "Responsibility for Search and Rescue Operations," to M. E. Gates, Manager, Nevada Operations, November 19, 1974.
8. to a.s.sist in the cleanup efforts to a.s.sist in the cleanup efforts: Nuclear Weapon Accident Response Procedures (NARP) Manual, a.s.sistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy), September 1990, xii.
9. "will never be known" "will never be known": Schwartz, Atomic Audit, Atomic Audit, 408. 408.
10. "I don"t know of any missing bomb" "I don"t know of any missing bomb": Anthony Lake, "Lying Around Washington," Foreign Policy, Foreign Policy, no. 2 (Spring 1971): 93. Thirty-eight U.S. Navy ships partic.i.p.ated in the search for the bomb, which was eventually located five miles offsh.o.r.e in 2,850 feet of water by a submersible called Alvin. no. 2 (Spring 1971): 93. Thirty-eight U.S. Navy ships partic.i.p.ated in the search for the bomb, which was eventually located five miles offsh.o.r.e in 2,850 feet of water by a submersible called Alvin.
11. during a secret mission over Greenland during a secret mission over Greenland: SAC History Staff, Project Crested Ice, Project Crested Ice, SECRET/RESTRICTED DATA, SPECIAL HANDLING REQUIRED, AFR 127-4: FOIA 89-107 OAS-) 1793. This source doc.u.ment provided many facts for this section. SECRET/RESTRICTED DATA, SPECIAL HANDLING REQUIRED, AFR 127-4: FOIA 89-107 OAS-) 1793. This source doc.u.ment provided many facts for this section.
12. A second fire started at the crash site A second fire started at the crash site: The cloud formed by the explosion measured "850 m high, 800 m in length, and 800 m in depth, and undoubtedly carried some plutonium downwind," according to the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
13. One of the bombs fell into the bay One of the bombs fell into the bay: Gordon Corea, "Mystery of Lost US Nuclear Bomb," BBC News, BBC News, November 10, 2008. November 10, 2008.
14. "a cleanup undertaken as good housekeeping measures" "a cleanup undertaken as good housekeeping measures": SAC History Staff, Project Crested Ice, Project Crested Ice, 28. 28.
15. "abundance of plutonium, americium, cesium": Rollins, "Nevada Test Site-Site Description," Table 2-4.
16. Called remote sensing Called remote sensing: Department of Energy Fact Sheet DOE/NV #1140. The Remote Sensing Laboratory was established in the 1950s, an offshoot of atomic cloud sampling projects. Today, it is a secret industry about which very little is known publicly; initially called the EG&G Remote Sensing Laboratory initially called the EG&G Remote Sensing Laboratory: EG&G Energy Measurements Division (EG&G/EM) of EG&G, Inc., managed and operated the research facility under DOE Contract DE-ACO3-93NV11265. On January 1, 1996, Bechtel Nevada Corporation operated the research and production facilities under DOE M&O Contract DE-ACO8-96NV11718.
18. to secure the government contracts to clean things up to secure the government contracts to clean things up: And what a ma.s.sive market it would become. In addition to future nuclear accidents, there would be a colossal amount of radiation detection work to be done in, on, and around the Pacific Proving Ground. Between 1946 and 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission had exploded forty nuclear bombs, including the largest thermonuclear bomb ever exploded by the United States, the fifteen-megaton Castle Bravo bomb-a thousand times as powerful as the weapon dropped on Hiroshima. In June of 1971, an EG&G crew was dispatched to Eniwetok Atoll by the Atomic Energy Commission "for the purposes of pre-cleanup surveying." EG&G had armed, wired, and fired all the bombs in the Pacific. Now, using radiation detection equipment, the company determined that the island was still uninhabitable by all life forms in the water and the air-even after thirteen years. But clean-up efforts could begin. These efforts would take decades, cost untold dollars, and involve several different contractors. EG&G would lead the way.
19. EG&G had been taking radiation measurements EG&G had been taking radiation measurements: Interviews with Al O"Donnell, Jim Freedman; Eniwetok Precleanup Survey Soil and Terrestrial, Radiation Survey (Lynch, Gudiksen and Jones) No. 44878; draft revised 5/14/73.
20. corporate headquarters won"t say corporate headquarters won"t say: Interview with Meagan Stafford, EG&G/URS public relations, Sard Verbinnen & Co., July 16, 2010.
21. President Clinton was in 1994 President Clinton was in 1994: Interview with EG&G engineer. DOE Openness Initiative, Human Radiation Experiments, EG&G Energy Measurements, Las Vegas, Nevada, Finding Aids, Radioactive Fallout: "EG&G/EM played an important role in monitoring airborne radiation from weapons testing, and it retained many records relating to monitoring air-borne radiation including reports on the Nevada Aerial Tracking Systems for the 1960s. The company has developed a computerized inventory of the collection which includes some 24,000 cla.s.sified doc.u.ments, films, view-graphs, and other materials. Currently the company is attempting to reorganize its archives into a usable collection designed to accommodate future research efforts. The dismantling process that was begun in 1986 has been halted. The CIC will retain fallout records from the aboveground testing program. All other original research doc.u.mentation, film, note-books, and other records relating to EG&G/EM"s important role in monitoring airborne radiation and weapons testing, including reports and maps of cloud tracking still housed at EM, will be retained by EM. Cla.s.sified Material Control (CMC) contains numerous reports on later testing programs and Aerial Tracking Systems reports for the 1960s. The company also holds original survey data for the period before 1971, but this has not been inventoried. There is an effort under way to obtain the funding to inventory and create a computerized database for these records."
22. the president did not have a need-to-know the president did not have a need-to-know: Interview with EG&G engineer.
23. one-line reference one-line reference: Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report, Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report, 506507. 506507.
24. If Area 51 had a doppelganger If Area 51 had a doppelganger: At Groom Lake, for a thirteen-year period beginning in 1955, the CIA and the U.S. Air Force comanaged spy plane programs using science and technology to advance the art of aerial espionage. Forty miles to the southwest, at Jacka.s.s Flats, beginning around 1955 and for a period of seventeen years, the Atomic Energy Commission, NASA, and the Department of Defense comanaged nuclear rocket programs using science and technology to try to get man to Mars. There is an interesting paradox. At Area 51, the spy plane programs were funded by black budgets, meaning their existence was hidden from Congress and the public. Not until they were decla.s.sified by the CIA-the U-2 program in 1998 and the A-12 Oxcart program in 2007-were their existences confirmed. The term Area 51 Area 51 has remained redacted, or blacked out, from decla.s.sified doc.u.ments. When Air Force and CIA officials are asked to comment on Area 51, they have no comment, because technically the facility does not exist. At Area 25, the nuclear rocket ship programs have been funded with public awareness. No one at the Air Force, the Atomic Energy Commission, or NASA will deny that nuclear rocket development went on there. But what was really going on behind the facade at Jacka.s.s Flats has always been labeled Restricted Data, which is cla.s.sified. has remained redacted, or blacked out, from decla.s.sified doc.u.ments. When Air Force and CIA officials are asked to comment on Area 51, they have no comment, because technically the facility does not exist. At Area 25, the nuclear rocket ship programs have been funded with public awareness. No one at the Air Force, the Atomic Energy Commission, or NASA will deny that nuclear rocket development went on there. But what was really going on behind the facade at Jacka.s.s Flats has always been labeled Restricted Data, which is cla.s.sified.
25. piloted by one hundred and fifty men piloted by one hundred and fifty men: McPhee, The Curve of Binding Energy, The Curve of Binding Energy, 168. 168.
26. Taylor designed nuclear bombs for the Pentagon Taylor designed nuclear bombs for the Pentagon: According to Taylor"s colleague the legendary Freeman Dyson, Ted Taylor made "the smallest, the most elegant and the most efficient bombs... freehand without elaborate calculation. When they were built and tested they worked." Dyson left Princeton University"s Inst.i.tute for Advanced Study to work on the Mars s.p.a.ceship with Taylor.
27. "Everyone seems to be making plans": McPhee, The Curve of Binding Energy, The Curve of Binding Energy, 170. 170.
28. same as a c.o.ke machine same as a c.o.ke machine: Ibid., 174.
29. "It would have been the most sensational thing anyone ever saw" "It would have been the most sensational thing anyone ever saw": Ibid.
30. "Whoever builds Orion will control the Earth" "Whoever builds Orion will control the Earth": Ibid., 184.
31. s.p.a.ce Nuclear Propulsion Office, or SNPO s.p.a.ce Nuclear Propulsion Office, or SNPO: Dewar, To the End of the Solar System, To the End of the Solar System, xix. xix.
32. built into the side of a mountain built into the side of a mountain: Interview with Barnes; see photographs. On Nevada Test Site official maps, these mountains, in Area 25, are called Calico Hills.
33. the underground tunnel was 1,150 feet long the underground tunnel was 1,150 feet long: "Corrective Investigation Plan For Corrective Action Unit 165: Areas 25 and 26 Dry Well and Washdown Areas, Nevada Test Site, Nevada." DOE/NV-788, Environmental Restoration Division, National Nuclear Security Administration, January 2002, 12.
34. 34 million to 249 million miles to Mars 34 million to 249 million miles to Mars: According to NASA, "the distance between Earth and Mars depends on the positions of the two planets in their orbits. It can be as small as about 33,900,000 miles (54,500,000 kilometers) or as large as about 249,000,000 miles (401,300,000 kilometers)."
35. a remote-controlled locomotive a remote-controlled locomotive: DOE/NV #1150, "Last Stop for the Jacka.s.s & Western."
36. "One hundredth of what one might receive": Ibid., 287.
37. Soviet satellites spying Soviet satellites spying: Dewar, To the End of the Solar System, To the End of the Solar System, appendix F, "The Russian Nuclear Rocket Program." Dewar wrote, "The Soviets built a test complex vaguely similar to Jacka.s.s Flats." appendix F, "The Russian Nuclear Rocket Program." Dewar wrote, "The Soviets built a test complex vaguely similar to Jacka.s.s Flats."
38. 2,300 Kelvin 2,300 Kelvin: Finger and Robbins, "An Historical Perspective," 7.
39. "The Pentagon released information after I filed a Freedom of Information Act" "The Pentagon released information after I filed a Freedom of Information Act": Interview with Lee Davidson. Davidson"s original 1990s story is from the Deseret News, Deseret News, where he was the Washington bureau reporter for twenty-eight years. During this time, Davidson reported on a number of secret AEC radiation tests in Utah, at Dugway Proving Grounds. "They had a lot of money to play with," Davidson says of the AEC. "Here in Utah, they were trying to figure out what a meltdown would look like from a number of different angles. The AEC released more radiation in Utah than was released during the partial meltdown at Three Mile Island." where he was the Washington bureau reporter for twenty-eight years. During this time, Davidson reported on a number of secret AEC radiation tests in Utah, at Dugway Proving Grounds. "They had a lot of money to play with," Davidson says of the AEC. "Here in Utah, they were trying to figure out what a meltdown would look like from a number of different angles. The AEC released more radiation in Utah than was released during the partial meltdown at Three Mile Island."
40. "Los Alamos wanted a run-away reactor" "Los Alamos wanted a run-away reactor": Dewar, To the End of the Solar System, To the End of the Solar System, 280. 280.
41. "data on the most devastating accident possible": Ibid. Notably, Dewar lays blame for the original idea of exploding the reactor on Los Alamos. The nuclear laboratory may have come up with the idea but Los Alamos takes marching orders from the Atomic Energy Commission, and in the end, the two ent.i.ties agreed to go ahead and explode the nuclear reactor on the grounds that it was a safety test. "It was critical to know the total energy release in the explosion and the amount and pattern of radioactive distribution," Dewar wrote.
42. "over 4000C until it burst": Ibid., 281.
43. chunks as large as 148 pounds chunks as large as 148 pounds: Ibid., 282.
44. "equipped with samplers mounted on its wings" "equipped with samplers mounted on its wings": Ibid., 281.
45. "blew over Los Angeles": Ibid., 280.
46. "accurate data from which to base calculations" "accurate data from which to base calculations": Ibid., 285.
47. "I don"t recall that exact test" "I don"t recall that exact test": Interview with Harold Finger.
48. code-named Phoebus code-named Phoebus: Barth, Delbert, Final Report of the Off-Site Surveillance for the Phoebus 1-A Experiment, SWRHL-19r, January 17, 1966. "The data collected indicate that radioactivity levels did not exceed the safety criteria established by the Atomic Energy Commission for the off-site population."
49. "suddenly it ran out of LH2": Dewar, To the End of the Solar System, To the End of the Solar System, 129. 129.
50. cleanup crews in full protective gear could not enter the area for six weeks cleanup crews in full protective gear could not enter the area for six weeks: "Decontamination of Test Cell "C" at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station After a Reactor Accident," January 18, 1967, LA-3633; Dewar, To the End of the Solar System, To the End of the Solar System, 12931. 12931.
51. long metal tongs long metal tongs: The workers dropped the radioactive chunks into one-gallon paint cans, which were driven out of Area 25 on a lead dolly.
52. officially ended on January 5, 1973 officially ended on January 5, 1973: Dewar, To the End of the Solar System, To the End of the Solar System, 203. 203.
53. no such final test no such final test: Interview with Darwin Morgan.
54. records are "well organized and complete" records are "well organized and complete": Ibid., 323.
55. "Due to the destruction of two nuclear reactors": Rollins, "Nevada Test Site-Site Description," 25 of 99.
56. Milton Klein might know Milton Klein might know: Interview with Harold Finger; interview with Milton Klein. Klein also says he "takes issue with the use of the word meltdown meltdown because that"s not exactly what happens to a reactor when it"s deprived of coolant." because that"s not exactly what happens to a reactor when it"s deprived of coolant."
57. radioactive elements were still present radioactive elements were still present: Table 3-2, "Corrective Investigation Plan For Corrective Action Unit 165: Areas 25 and 26 Dry Well and Washdown Areas, Nevada Test Site, Nevada," 32.
312 "may have percolated into underlying soil." Ibid. Certainly, Barnes"s eyewitness testimony suggests as much. "When we would run the reactor, we had to clear out forty miles of the canyon around Calico Hills, it would emit that much radiation," Barnes explained. "And every time we ran the reactor, giant dewars of water would flood the whole area, which would help cool everything down. Enough water to make a temporary pond of water several feet deep." "may have percolated into underlying soil." Ibid. Certainly, Barnes"s eyewitness testimony suggests as much. "When we would run the reactor, we had to clear out forty miles of the canyon around Calico Hills, it would emit that much radiation," Barnes explained. "And every time we ran the reactor, giant dewars of water would flood the whole area, which would help cool everything down. Enough water to make a temporary pond of water several feet deep."
58. Area 25 began serving a new purpose Area 25 began serving a new purpose: Interview with T. D. Barnes.
59. "It"s a PhD experience for first responders" "It"s a PhD experience for first responders": Film shown on a loop at the Atomic Energy Museum in Las Vegas. Also in this section of the museum was a photograph of Area 25, which depicted desert terrain interrupted by a bright blue sign on a post that read: "EG&G Training 295-6820"-an indication that the federal partner in WMD training at Area 25 was EG&G. Morgan denies this partnership existed and insists EG&G stopped working as an "official contractor" at the test site in the 1990s. The photograph at the Atomic Testing Museum has since been taken down, but as of December 30, 2010, the telephone number remained in service (using the local area code) with a voice mail stating: "You have reached [name redacted] in the training department. Please leave a message and I will return your call as soon as possible."
60. one day a nuclear facility could very well melt down one day a nuclear facility could very well melt down: For an understanding of nuclear reactor physics, how a power reactor differs from a nuclear rocket reactor, and how both differ from a nuclear bomb, see Dewar, To the End of the Solar System, To the End of the Solar System, xvii. xvii.
61. five "boom year(s)" five "boom year(s)": Rogovin, Three Mile Island Report, Three Mile Island Report, 18283. 18283.
62. nuclear reactor "units" nuclear reactor "units": Ibid., 182.
63. dispatched an EG&G remote sensing aircraft dispatched an EG&G remote sensing aircraft: EG&G, Inc., Las Vegas Operations, "An Aerial Radiological Survey of the Three Mile Island Station Nuclear Power Plant," U.S. Department of Energy, 1977. The cover page of the president"s commission on the accident at Three Mile Island features a thermal photo accredited to EG&G.
64. "may be the best insurance that it will not reoccur" "may be the best insurance that it will not reoccur": Rogovin, Three Mile Island Report, Three Mile Island Report, 5. 5.
65. nuclear-powered Russian spy satellite crashed nuclear-powered Russian spy satellite crashed: Gates, Mahlon, Operation Morning Light, Northwest Territories, Canada 1978, A Non-Technical Summary of U.S. Partic.i.p.ation; Operation Morning Light, Northwest Territories, Canada 1978, A Non-Technical Summary of U.S. Partic.i.p.ation; "The Soviet s.p.a.ce Nuclear Power Program," Directorate of Intelligence, CIA. "The Soviet s.p.a.ce Nuclear Power Program," Directorate of Intelligence, CIA.