Asgard Stories.
by Mary H. Foster and Mabel H. c.u.mmings.
PREFACE.
This little volume is the outcome of several years" experience in telling to cla.s.ses of children the cla.s.sic myths, both southern and northern. The insight and interest displayed by the children encourage the authors to hope that other teachers and pupils may enjoy the myths here reproduced.
The interest shown at present in the teaching of myths to children seems to call for some such simple volume, giving the Norse myths in suitable form for use with pupils as well as for the children"s home reading.
There are various collections of the Greek tales, but the books dealing with the Norse myths seem to be more or less c.u.mbered with detail, and, therefore, not adapted to very young readers.
The experience of the authors satisfies them that the teaching of myths should begin with those of the North, and that the Greek tales should be given later, with comparisons and references to the Norse myths.
The stories which were dear to our own northern forefathers stir our children more deeply and are more congenial to them than those which come down to us from the Greeks. This is perfectly reasonable. The graphic descriptions in the Norse tales of the hard struggle with rugged nature and the severe climate of the North naturally come home more closely to us than the less rigorous and st.u.r.dy conditions of the southern nations. Then, too, the moral tone of the Norse myths is higher, purer, and more steadfast than that of the Greek tales, and is more congenial to our Teutonic point of view.
Much depends, of course, upon the teacher"s careful study of the myths and insight into their significance. They should be presented in such manner as to awaken the interest of the children and lead them to make use of their own imagination.
The value of the Norse myths has been urged by Carlyle, Dasent, Anderson, and others. "To me there is in the Norse system something very genuine, very great, and manlike," wrote Carlyle. "A broad simplicity, so very different from the light gracefulness of the old Greek paganism, distinguishes this Norse system. It is thought, the genuine thought of deep, rude, earnest minds, fairly opened to the things about them,-a face-to-face and heart-to-heart inspection of things,-the first characteristic of all good thought in all times."
Anderson, the author of "Norse Mythology," wrote: "In the Norse mythology the centralizing idea is its peculiar feature; in it lies its strength and beauty. The one myth and the one divinity is inextricably in communion with the other; and thus also the idea of unity, centralization, is a prominent feature and one of the chief characteristics of the Teutonic nations.
"While the Greek mythology foreshadowed the petty states of Greece and southern Europe, the Norse mythology foreshadowed the political and social destinies of _United_ Scandinavia, _United_ Great Britain, and the _United_ States of North America.…
"The poetic period of the child"s own race should be melted and moulded into poetry, touched by a spark of Christian refinement and love, and then poured, so to speak, into his soul. The child"s mind should feed upon the mythological stories and the primitive folklore of his race."
While many works have been consulted in the preparation of this volume, the authors are especially indebted to the following: Thorpe"s translation of Saemund"s "Edda"; "The Younger Edda," in translations; Anderson"s "Norse Mythology"; Guerber"s "Myths of Northern Lands"; William and Mary Howitt"s "Literature and Romance of Northern Europe"; and Mallet"s "Northern Antiquities."
BROOKLINE, Ma.s.s., September, 1901.
THE STORY OF THE BEGINNING.
The people who lived long ago, in the far-off lands of the north, watched the wonderful things that happened out of doors every day, just as we do; but they did not know about the one loving G.o.d, who is the Father of all, who made them and the world, and rules it by his wise laws; so they thought there must be a great many unseen powers, living in the clouds, in the wind, in the storms, and the sunshine, and doing all those wonders that no man could do.
And so those northern people, who were our own forefathers, came to believe in many G.o.ds-one for the sun, another for the thunder, another for the flowers, and so on.
In the long, dark winters, when the bright sun had gone away from them, these northmen had time to think many thoughts about the powers of frost, and wind, and storms, which they called giants, and they used to tell stories and sing songs about the short, bright summer, the thawing out of the streams and lakes, the coming of the birds and flowers.
With great joy the people saw the bright sun-G.o.d, Baldur, come back to them in the spring, after the long darkness, and knew that they owed their lives to his friendly warmth and light.
As we read the stories, or myths, told by those people long ago, we can see that they were meant to tell about the world around us. At first the stories were told and sung from father to son-that is, from one generation to another; but later, when people learned how to write, these myths were written down, and kept with great love and care.
This is the story they told of the Beginning. At first, before living creatures were in the world, it was all rough and without order. Far to the north it was very cold, for ice and snow were everywhere. Toward the south there was fire, and from the meeting of the fire and the cold a thick vapor was formed, from which sprang a huge giant. On looking about for some food, he saw a cow, who was also searching for something to eat. The ice tasted salt, and when the cow began to lick it, a head appeared, and at last the whole figure of a G.o.d stood before her.
From these two, the giant and the G.o.d, came the two great races of giants and G.o.ds, who were always enemies to each other. The giants were constantly trying to break into Asgard, the home of the G.o.ds, in the sky; the G.o.ds, on the other hand, watched and planned to keep out the giants, and to drive them back to their own stronghold, Utgard. Our world, where men and women lived, was between Utgard and Asgard; it was called Midgard, and around this Midgard world, under the ocean, was coiled a monstrous serpent, who grew so long that his tail grew down his throat. He was called the Midgard serpent.
A wonderful tree, named "Yggdrasil," connected all the worlds. This great ash tree had its roots in Utgard, and the tops of its branches reached up so high as to overshadow Asgard. Its three main roots were watered by three fountains, and near one of them sat the wise giant Mimir, of whom we shall hear later. The Norns, three sisters, also lived at the roots of Yggdrasil, and were careful to see that it was watered every day.
A little gray squirrel was always running up and down the tree, jerking his tail and hurrying to tell the news to every one along the way. He was so anxious to be the first one to carry the news, that many times he brought trouble to himself and to others, because he was not always careful to tell a story just as he had heard it, and often every one would have been happier if the squirrel had kept the story quite to himself.
The G.o.ds and G.o.ddesses, all together, were called the aesir, and the chief and father of them all was Odin. His lofty throne rose high in the midst of Asgard, the sacred city, which the G.o.ds had built for their beautiful home.
From Asgard, arching over and down to the lower world, was a rainbow bridge, called Bifrost-"the trembling bridge"; upon this the dwellers in Asgard could travel every day, all except the mighty Thor. His thunder chariot was too heavy for "the trembling bridge," so he had to go around a longer way.
After the G.o.ds had made men and women, and had taught them to dwell on the earth, in the world of Midgard, Odin looked forth one morning from his heavenly seat, to see what further work was waiting for his helping hand.
He noticed, far away below him, a race of small beings, some of them busy, doing mischievous deeds, while others sat idle, doing nothing.
Odin sent for all these little people to come to him, and when they had reached Asgard, and were admitted to his palace of Gladsheim, they entered the great judgment hall, where they found all the aesir sitting, with Father Odin at their head.
[Ill.u.s.tration: After the painting by Ehrenberg, THE NORNS.]
The little people waited in a crowd near the door, wondering what was going to happen to them, while Hermod, the messenger of the G.o.ds, ran to his master to say that they had come.
Then the Allfather spoke to the little dwarfs about their evil deeds among men, and he told the naughtiest ones that they must go and live down underground, and look after the great furnace fire in the middle of the earth, to keep it always burning. Some must get coal to feed the fire, and others still were to have charge of the gold, and silver, and precious stones, under the rocks. Not one of these busy dwarfs must ever appear during the day; only by night might they venture to leave their tasks.
"And now," said Odin, turning to the idle ones, "what have you been doing?"
"We were doing nothing at all, so we could not have harmed any one, and we pray you to spare us!" cried they.
"Do you not know that those who sit idle when they should be doing good deserve punishment, too?" said Odin. "I shall put you in charge of all the trees and flowers, and shall send one of the aesir to teach you, so that you may be doing some good in the world."
Then the little elves went to work among the flowers, and Frey, the bright G.o.d of summer and sunshine, was a kind master to them. He taught them how to open the folded buds in the sunshine, to fill the honey cups, and lead the bees along the flower pa.s.sages to find their food, to hatch the birds" eggs, and teach the little ones their songs, and then each night to fetch the water for dewdrops, to be hung on every leaf and blade of gra.s.s.
When their work was finished, and the moon had risen, these busy elves and fairies enjoyed many a happy evening, dancing and frisking on the green by moonlight. And so our world of Midgard was filled with busy work and play.
Even now, in our time, the people in the lands of the north, and in Germany, have many old sayings and stories that have come down to them from the days long ago. There is a beautiful white flower in the north, which is called Baldur"s Brow, because it is so pure and bright, like the face of the dear sun-G.o.d, Baldur; and in some places, when the farmers gather in their harvest of grain, they leave a little bunch of it standing in the field, for Father Odin"s horse.
We have some English names to remind us of those old tales of our forefathers, for we have Tuesday named for Tyr, or Tiu, the brave G.o.d who gave his right hand to save his friends; Wednesday, or Wodensday, named for Odin; Thursday, for Thor, the thunder-G.o.d; and Friday, for either the G.o.ddess Frigga, or Freyja, or for Frey, the G.o.d of summer, who ruled the fairies.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
ODIN"S REWARD
One night when all was quiet in Asgard and the aesir had gone to rest, Odin, the Allfather, sat awake on his high throne, troubled with many thoughts. At his feet crouched his two faithful wolves, and upon his shoulders perched the two ravens of thought and memory, who flew far abroad every day, through the nine worlds, as Odin"s messengers.
The Allfather had need of great wisdom in ruling the worlds; after thinking a long time on the matters which needed his care, he suddenly started up, and went forth with long strides from his palace of Gladsheim into the night. He soon returned, leading his beautiful, eight-footed steed, Sleipnir, and it was plain that Odin was going on a journey. He quickly mounted Sleipnir, and rode swiftly away toward Bifrost, the rainbow bridge, which reached from Asgard, the city of the G.o.ds, down through the air to the lower worlds.
When Sleipnir stepped upon the bridge it trembled, and seemed hardly strong enough to bear the horse and his rider; but they had no fear of its giving way, and Sleipnir galloped swiftly onward.
Soon Odin saw Heimdall, the watchman of the bridge, riding toward him on a fine horse, with a golden mane that reflected light upon the n.o.ble face of his rider.