Bell"s Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of St. Paul.
by Arthur Dimock.
PREFACE.
The MSS. relating to St. Paul"s are deficient in regard to the earlier periods, but become gradually more complete as time progresses. They have been published or quoted, probably, more extensively than those belonging to any other religious foundation in this country, unless it be such communities as St. Alban"s, which have attracted the continued attention of the editors working under the Master of the Rolls. In consequence, although our knowledge, not only of the Romano-British period but of many succeeding centuries, is defective or altogether wanting, yet as time advances after the Norman Conquest the merely printed material at our disposal becomes gradually almost embarra.s.sing. When we come to the present Cathedral, we know not only exactly _when_ it was built, but to a great extent _how_ and _why_.
In the _Parentalia_ Wren"s grandson, Stephen, partly in his own words, partly in those of his famous grandfather, lifting the curtain, discloses the personal history and inner self of the architect at his work.
Among the leading authorities are the following, giving the place of honour to the--
_Parentalia or Memoirs. Completed by his_ [Sir Christopher"s] _son, Christopher. Now published by his grandson, Stephen Wren, Esq._ (London, 1858).
_The History of St. Paul"s_, by Sir William Dugdale (Ellis" edition, 1818).
_Repertorium_, by Richard Newcourt (London, 1708).
_Radulfi de Diceto, Decani, Lundoniensis Opera Historica_ (vols. i.
and ii., edited for the Master of the Rolls by the Bishop of Oxford).
I have to thank the Dean for permission to consult the Chapter copy of the _Registrum Statutorum_, edited for private circulation (1873) by that enthusiastic and accurate St. Paul"s scholar, the late Dr.
Sparrow-Simpson, one of the last of the Minor Canons on the old foundation, Librarian and Sub-dean. There is a supplement (1897).
Dr. Sparrow-Simpson also wrote or edited the following--
_Doc.u.ments Ill.u.s.trating the History of St. Paul"s Cathedral_ (Camden Society, 1880).
_Chapters in the History of Old St. Paul"s_ (1881).
_Visitation of Churches_ (Camden Society, 1885).
_Gleanings from Old St. Paul"s_ (1889).
_St. Paul"s and Old City Life_ (1894).
His remaining work, the Catalogue of the Library, I have not consulted.
_Annals of St. Paul"s_, by Dean Milman (1868).
The learned and talented historian did not live to see this his last work through the press. In consequence there are printer"s errors as to dates, &c., which I have not thought it necessary to point out.
_Domesday of St. Paul"s_, by Archdeacon Hale (Camden Society, 1858).
_The Three Cathedrals dedicated to St. Paul_, by William Longman (Longmans, 1873).
Amongst other sources of information are the lectures delivered in St.
Paul"s by Bishop Browne when a residentiary, and published by the S.P.C.K. The value of these to the students of early Church History is in an inverse ratio to their size. The origin of our secular colleges yet remains to be written; but I am again indebted to Mr. Arthur Francis Leach for the Introduction to the _Visitations of Southwell_ (Camden Society, 1891), for valuable information on this subject.
In regard to the efforts to complete Wren"s designs by mosaic decorations, I have carefully observed all that has been done, and have attentively followed much that has been said and written. In particular I have been interested by a statement that has gone the round of the press. Certain young ladies and gentlemen of the Slade School of Art and elsewhere are reported to have protested that even good and appropriate decoration would be contrary to the wishes of Sir Christopher Wren.
My thanks are due to the Dean for his courtesy and trouble in rendering me all the a.s.sistance I asked for; to the Bishop of Oxford (like the Bishop of Bristol, a former residentiary) for providing me with a list of authorities at the commencement of my task; to the librarians of All Souls" College, Oxford, and their committee, and particularly to Mr. George Holden, a.s.sistant librarian, for permission to use their invaluable collection of Wren"s designs and drawings; to the Archdeacon of Middles.e.x for information concerning the inscriptions on the stalls; to Canon Milford, successor to Wren"s father as Rector of Bishop-Knoyle, for communicating to me the irregularity about the registration of Wren"s baptism, and for the loan of Mrs. Lucy Phillimore"s _Life and Times of Wren_, a work out of print and not to be procured at the London Library; to Mr. Peter Cazalet for kind a.s.sistance in drawing one of the arches and also in describing the monuments; and if last, certainly not least, to the ever courteous officials of the Cathedral, who have rendered me every facility in my study of Wren"s building.
ARTHUR DIMOCK.
WETHERDEN RECTORY, HAUGHLEY, SUFFOLK, _January 3, 1900._
ST. PAUL"S CATHEDRAL.
CHAPTER I.
ITS FOUNDATION AND HISTORY TO THE ACCESSION OF DEAN COLET (61-1505).
=Romano-British.=--Tacitus, in his characteristically concise style, introduces London into authentic history during the apostolic era and the reign of Nero.[1] Suetonius Paulinus, governor of Britain, came in hot haste from Mona, suspending the slaughter of the Druid leaders in this their last fastness, to restore the Roman arms. For Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, outraged at the treatment of herself and her two daughters, had, like a second Deborah, raised a popular uprising against the foreign invaders. Colchester fallen, the ninth legion annihilated, nothing remained but to abandon the thriving mart of London itself for a time to the fury of the natives, before the Roman sway could be restored.
The ground rising both from the northern bank of the Thames, some three hundred yards distant, and from the eastern bank of the Fleet beck, forms an eminence. Here, to protect the riverside mart below, on or about the site of the present churchyard the Romans formed a camp; and looking down what is now Ludgate Hill, the soldiers could see the Fleet ebbing and flowing with each receding and advancing tide.
Northwards the country afforded a hunting ground, and a temple to Diana Venatrix would naturally be erected. During the excavations for New St. Paul"s, Roman urns were found as well as British graves; and in 1830, a stone altar with an image of Diana was likewise found while digging for the foundations of Goldsmith"s Hall in Foster Lane. On such incomplete evidence rests the accuracy of the story or tradition that a temple of Diana occupied part of the site of the present Cathedral.
Suetonius himself restored order in London; and in spite of insurrections, she progressed during the next three centuries to become a centre of such importance, Roman highways spreading in different directions, that the accurate and impartial Ammia.n.u.s Marcellinus concedes to her (_circa_ 380) the style and t.i.tle of Augusta. And it was during these three centuries of progress that Christianity obtained a firm footing, but when and how we know not.
The picturesque story, which deceived even Bede, how that Lucius, "king of the Britons," sent letters to Eleutherus, a holy man, Bishop of Rome, entreating Eleutherus to convert him and his, must now be put down as a pious forgery.[2] Tertullian (_circa_ 208) says that the kingdom and name of Christ were then acknowledged even in those parts inaccessible to the Romans; and we are probably on the safe side in a.s.serting that missions had been successfully introduced into London by the end of the second century. Neither are we in much doubt or difficulty as to whence they came. Gaul, visited by missionaries from Ephesus, in turn sent others on; and the Church in London, as throughout these Isles, in Romano-British times can be safely described as a daughter of Gaul, and a granddaughter of the Ephesus of St. Timothy. Beyond we know little, if anything at all, more than that a Bishop of London, known by the Latinised name of RESt.i.tUTUS, was one of three British prelates at the Council of Aries (314). And while there is no reason to suppose otherwise than that the bishops, of whom Rest.i.tutus could not have been anything like the first, had their princ.i.p.al church erected in the neighbourhood, at least, of St. Paul"s churchyard and dedicated to that saint, neither site nor name can ever be authenticated. When the Roman troops retired, so thoroughly did the invading savages destroy all records, that our knowledge of the British Church in London may be compared, not inaptly, to our knowledge of Thornhill"s paintings in the concave sphere of the dome.
We know that they exist; but even on a bright May day they are invisible from below.
=Saxon, Angle, and Dane.=--In the early years of the fifth century the Romans are stated to have finally abandoned this country. If certain lists are to be credited, Bishops of London of the original British series continued until the flight of Theorus in 586. These lists have now been rejected,[3] although as the taking of London by the East Saxons was not prior to the date above, there is reason in the suggestion that church and bishop were still in existence. In the pages of Bede, writing about a century later, we come across something more definite, which readers interested in St. Paul"s may care to have.
"In the year of our Lord 604, Augustine, Archbishop of Britain, consecrated two bishops, viz., Mellitus and Justus; Mellitus to preach to the province of the East Saxons, who are divided from Kent by the river Thames, and border on the eastern sea. Their metropolis is the city of London, situated on the bank of the aforesaid river, and is the mart of many nations resorting to it by sea and land. At that time Sabert, nephew to Ethelbert [Augustine"s King of Kent] by his sister Ricula, reigned over the nation, though under subjection to Ethelbert, who had command over all the nations of the English as far as the river Humber. But when this province [East Saxons] also received the word of truth by the preaching of Mellitus, King Ethelbert built the church of St. Paul in the city of London, where he and his successors should have their episcopal seat."[4]
Bede, in one sense most interesting, becomes in a second sense most irritating. We would give much to know how long an interval had elapsed since the last bishop, whether this rude East Saxon building was erected on the ruins of another or on a different site, whether the name ST. PAUL"S was a continuation or no. Bede is silent, ignoring the distressed and defeated Britons as an inferior race.
Ethelbert may have given the endowment of Tillingham in Ess.e.x. "And if any one should be tempted to take away this gift, let him be anathema and excommunicated from all Christian society." Whether the deed with these lines originated with him or with some unknown and later donor, it is certain that the language has been respected; for when the valuable estates were alienated, this particular donation was reserved for the fabric fund; and in consequence the Dean and Chapter are by far the oldest county family in Ess.e.x.[5]
Sabert and Ethelbert were gathered to their fathers; and both were succeeded by pagan sons. London and the East Saxon province or kingdom--let us say Middles.e.x and Ess.e.x, with perhaps Herts--seem to have been ruled by the three sons of Sabert in commission, who, disregarding whatever thin veneer of Christianity they had found it convenient to adopt during their father"s lifetime, boldly apostatised, and the East Saxons readily followed. Entering St.
Paul"s, as the bishop was celebrating, the three scoffed and mocked, "We will not enter into that laver, because we do not know we stand in need of it; but eat of that bread we will." Giving the bishop the alternative of compliance or expulsion, he withdrew after an episcopate of twelve years and retired across the Channel. Returning in answer to the entreaties of Laurentius, "the Londoners would not receive Bishop Mellitus, choosing rather to be under their idolatrous high priests." Eventually he succeeded Laurentius at Canterbury. And for a second time London relapsed into paganism.
Thus the good fruits of the mission of Augustine were completely lost.
An interval occurs, and then Sigebert the Good, on a visit to King Oswy of Northumbria, was converted by the reasoning of his host, and baptised by Bishop Finan of Lindisfarne. Finan had no connection with Rome, but belonged to that remarkable body who traced their origin to Ireland and Iona. Sigebert took south with him two brothers, English by race, recommended by Finan, of whom one was CEDD; a third brother was the more famous Chad. The work of re-planting was at once set about with the help of Sigebert"s example and protection. Up and down the province they went, and gained so many converts that Finan felt justified in consecrating Cedd bishop of the East Saxons. The new bishop now employed much of his time in training converts, natives of the province, for the priesthood, both at Ythancester, near Tillingham, and at Tilbury.[6] He acted as interpreter at the Whitby Conference, where he was won over to the continental method of reckoning Easter, and died shortly after of the plague (664). A later visitation of the pestilence is a.s.signed as a cause of half of the diocese relapsing, while the other half, governed by Sebbe, remained faithful. King Wulfhere of Mercia--the then overlord--sent his own bishop Jaruman with a number of clergy, who effected a complete restoration. Mellitus, Cedd, Sabert, Sigebert, and Sebbe (said to have been buried at St. Paul"s) now appear in the transept windows as founders of English Christianity.
Thus we find, after various vicissitudes and relapses, the Christian religion planted in the East Saxon province before the end of the seventh century. The succeeding centuries must be rapidly pa.s.sed over.
A staff of clergy was formed who came to be called canons; other endowments by degrees added; the services at St. Paul"s maintained as a model for the diocese; parish churches and monasteries built. We must even pa.s.s over Bishop Erkenwald, the hero of so many stories, and whose shrine was the most popular in Old St. Paul"s. In 962, just after Dunstan had left the bishopric for Canterbury, St. Paul"s was burnt, and the same year rebuilt. Both before and after this London suffered from the ravages of the Danes.
The Primate Elfege, the victim of a drunken rabble, was buried at St.
Paul"s (1014), as was Ethelred the Unready (1017), and nearly fifty years later Edward the outlaw, the representative of the house of Cerdic and of Alfred.
William the Norman, bishop (1051-1075) in spite of the Confessor and his nominee the Sparrowhawk, occupied the see long enough to greet his countrymen on taking possession; and just before his death would be present at the great council held in his cathedral presided over by Lanfranc. Norman though he was, he was in touch with the citizens around his church, and earned their enduring grat.i.tude and friendship by obtaining a fresh grant of their privileges, as he did for the cathedral. "I will," said the Conqueror, "the said church to be free in all respects, as I trust my own soul to be at the Judgment Day."