Ralph and I were inseparable Companions. We took Lodgings together in Little Britain at 3/6 p[er] Week, as much as we could then afford. He found some Relations, but they were poor and unable to a.s.sist him. He now let me know his Intentions of remaining in London, and that he never meant to return to Philad^a--He had brought no Money with him, the whole he could muster having been expended in paying his Pa.s.sage. I had 15 Pistoles: So he borrowed occasionally of me, to subsist while he was looking out for Business.--He first endeavoured to get into the Playhouse, believing himself qualify"d for an Actor; but Wilkes to whom he apply"d, advis"d him candidly not to think of that Employment, as it was impossible he should succeed in it.--Then he propos"d to Roberts, a Publisher in Paternoster Row, to write for him a Weekly Paper like the Spectator, on certain Conditions, which Roberts did not approve. Then he endeavour"d to get Employm^t as a Hackney Writer to copy for the Stationers and Lawyers about the Temple: but could find no Vacancy.--
I immediately got into Work at Palmer"s then a famous Printing House in Bartholomew Close; and here I continu"d near a Year. I was pretty diligent; but spent with Ralph a good deal of my Earnings in going to Plays and other Places of Amus.e.m.e.nt. We had together consum"d all my Pistoles, and now just rubb"d on from hand to mouth. He seem"d quite to forget his Wife and Child, and I by degrees my Engagements w^th Miss Read, to whom I never wrote more than one Letter, and that was to let her know I was not likely soon to return. This was another of the great Errata of my Life, which I should wish to correct if I were to live it over again.--In fact, by our Expences, I was constantly kept unable to pay my Pa.s.sage.
At Palmer"s I was employ"d in composing for the second Edition of Woollaston"s [_sic_] Religion of Nature. Some of his Reasonings not appearing to me well-founded, I wrote a little metaphysical Piece, in which I made Remarks on them. It was ent.i.tled, _A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and pain_. I inscrib"d it to my Friend Ralph.--I printed a small Number. It occasion"d my being more consider"d by Mr. Palmer, as a young Man of some Ingenuity, tho" he seriously Expostulated with me upon the Principles of my Pamphlet which to him appear"d abominable. My printing this Pamphlet was another Erratum.
In our House there lodg"d a young Woman; a Millener, who I think had a Shop in the Cloisters. She had been genteelly bred, was sensible and lively, and of most pleasing Conversation. Ralph read Plays to her in the Evenings, they grew intimate, she took another Lodging, and he follow"d her. They liv"d together some time, but he being still out of Business, and her Income not sufficient to maintain them with her Child, he took a Resolution of going from London, to try for a Country School, which bethought himself well qualify"d to undertake, as he wrote an excellent Hand, and was a Master of Arithmetic and Accounts.--This however he deem"d a Business below him, and confident of future better Fortune when he should be unwilling to have it known that he once was so meanly employ"d, he chang"d his Name, and did me the Honour to a.s.sume mine.--For I soon after had a Letter from him, acquainting me, that he was settled in a small Village in Berkshire, I think it was, where he taught reading and writing to 10 or a dozen Boys at 6 pence each p[er]
Week, recommending Mrs. T. to my Care, and desiring me to write to him directing for Mr. Franklin Schoolmaster at such a Place. He continu"d to write frequently, sending me large Specimens of an Epic Poem, which he was then composing, and desiring my Remarks and Corrections.--These I gave him from time to time, but endeavour"d rather to discourage his Proceeding. One of Young"s Satires was then just publish"d. I copy"d and sent him a great Part of it, which set in a strong Light the Folly of pursuing the Muses with any Hope of Advancement by them. All was in vain. Sheets of the Poem continu"d to come by every Post. In the mean time Mrs. T. having on his Account lost her Friends and Business, was often in Distresses, and us"d to send for me, and borrow what I could spare to help her out of them. I grew fond of her Company, and being at this time under no Religious Restraints, and presuming on my Importance to her, I attempted Familiarities, (another Erratum) which she repuls"d with a proper Resentment, and acquainted him with my Behaviour. This made a Breach between us, and when he return"d again to London, he let me know he thought I had cancell"d all the Obligations he had been under to me.--So I found I was never to expect his Repaying me what I lent to him or advanc"d for him. This was however not then of much Consequence, as he was totally unable: And in the Loss of his Friendship I found myself reliev"d from a Burthen. I now began to think of getting a little Money beforehand; and expecting better Work, I left Palmer"s to work at Watts"s near Lincoln"s Inn Fields, a still greater Printing House. Here I continu"d all the rest of my Stay in London.
While I lodg"d in Little Britain I made an Acquaintance with one Wilc.o.x a Bookseller, whose Shop was at the next Door. He had an immense Collection of second-hand Books. Circulating Libraries were not then in Use; but we agreed that on certain reasonable Terms which I have now forgotten, I might take, read and return any of his Books. This I esteem"d a great Advantage, and I made as much use of it as I could.--
My Pamphlet by some means falling into the Hands of one Lyons, a Surgeon, Author of a Book int.i.tled _The Infallibility of Human Judgment_, it occasioned an Acquaintance between us; he took great Notice of me, call"d on me often, to converse on those Subjects, carried me to the Horns a pale Alehouse in ----Lane, Cheapside, and introduc"d me to Dr. Mandevil[l]e, Author of the Fable of the Bees who had a Club there, of which he was the Soul, being a most facetious entertaining Companion. Lyons too introduced me to Dr. Pemberton, at Batson"s Coffee House, who promis"d to give me an Opportunity some time or other of seeing Sir Isaac Newton, of which I was extreamly desirous; but this never happened.
I had brought over a few Curiosities among which the princ.i.p.al was a Purse made of the Asbestos, which purifies by Fire. Sir Hans Sloane heard of it, came to see me, and invited me to his House in Bloomsbury Square; where he show"d me all his Curiosities, and persuaded me to let him add that to the Number, for which he paid me handsomely.[4]--
At my first Admission into this Printing House, I took to working at Press, imagining I felt a Want of the Bodily Exercise I had been us"d to in America, where Presswork is mix"d with Composing, I drank only Water, the other Workmen, near 50 in Number, were great Guzzlers of Beer. On occasion I carried up and down Stairs a large Form of Types in each hand, when others carried but one in both Hands. They wonder"d to see from this and several Instances that the water-American as they call"d me was _stronger_ than themselves who drank _strong_ beer. We had an Alehouse Boy who attended always in the House to supply the Workmen. My Companion at the Press, drank every day a Pint before Breakfast, a Pint at Breakfast with his Bread and Cheese; a Pint between Breakfast and Dinner; a Pint at Dinner; a Pint in the Afternoon about Six o"Clock, and another when he had done his Day"s-Work. I thought it a detestable Custom.--But it was necessary, he suppos"d, to drink _strong_ Beer that he might be _strong_ to labour. I endeavour"d to convince him that the Bodily Strength afforded by Beer could only be in proportion to the Grain or Flour of the Barley dissolved in the Water of which it was made; that there was more Flour in a Penny-worth of Bread, and therefore if he would eat that with a Pint of Water, it would give him more Strength than a Quart of Beer.--He drank on however, and had 4 or 5 Shillings to pay out of his Wages every Sat.u.r.day Night for that muddling Liquor; an Expence I was free from.--And thus these poor Devils keep themselves always under.
Watts after some Weeks desiring to have me in the Composing-Room, I left the Pressmen. A new _Bienvenu_ or Sum for Drink; being 5/, was demanded of me by the Compositors. I thought it an Imposition, as I had paid below. The Master thought so too, and forbad[e] my Paying it. I stood out two or three Weeks, was accordingly considered as an Excommunicate, and had so many little Pieces of private Mischief done me, by mixing my Sorts, transposing my Pages, breaking my Matter, etc. etc. and if I were ever so little out of the Room, and all ascrib"d to the Chapel Ghost, which they said ever haunted those not regularly admitted, that notwithstanding the Master"s Protection, I found myself oblig"d to comply and pay the Money; convinc"d of the Folly of being on ill Terms with those one is to live with continually. I was now on a fair Footing with them, and soon acquir"d considerable Influence. I propos"d some reasonable Alterations in their Chapel[C] Laws, and carried them against all Opposition. From my Example a great Part of them, left their muddling Breakfast of Beer and Bread and Cheese, finding they could with me be supply"d from a neighbouring House with a large Porringer of hot Water-gruel, sprinkled with Pepper, crumb"d with Bread, and a Bit of b.u.t.ter in it, for the Price of a Pint of Beer, viz., three halfpence.
This was a more comfortable as well as cheaper Breakfast, and kept their Heads clearer.--Those who continu"d sotting with Beer all day, were often, by not paying, out of Credit at the Alehouse, and us"d to make Interest with me to get Beer, _their Light_, as they phras"d it, _being out_. I watch"d the Pay table on Sat.u.r.day Night, and collected what I stood engag"d for them, having to pay some times near Thirty Shillings a Week on their Accounts.--This, and my being esteem"d a pretty good Riggite, that is a jocular verbal Satyrist, supported my Consequence in the Society.--My constant Attendance, (I never making a St. Monday), recommended me to the Master; and my uncommon Quickness at Composing, occasion"d my being put upon all Work of Dispatch which was generally better paid. So I went on now very agreably.--
[C] A Printing House is always called a Chappel [_sic_], by the Workmen. [_Franklin"s note._]
My Lodging in Little Britain being too remote, I found another in Duke-street opposite to the Romish Chapel. It was two pair of Stairs backwards at an Italian Warehouse. A Widow Lady kept the House; she had a Daughter and a Maid Servant, and a Journey-man who attended the Warehouse, but lodg"d abroad. After sending to enquire my Character at the House where I last lodg"d, she agreed to take me in at the same Rate 3/6 p[er] Week, cheaper as she said from the Protection she expected in having a Man lodge in the House. She was a Widow, an elderly Woman, had been bred a Protestant, being a Clergyman"s Daughter, but was converted to the Catholic Religion by her Husband, whose Memory she much revered[;] had lived much among People of Distinction, and knew a 1000 Anecdotes of them as far back as the Times of Charles the Second. She was lame in her Knees with the Gout, and therefore seldom stirr"d out of her Room, so sometimes wanted Company; and hers was so highly amusing [Franklin first wrote "agreable"; both it and "amusing" are deleted in the MS.] to me; that I was sure to spend an Evening with her whenever she desired it. Our Supper was only half an Anchovy each, on a very little Strip of Bread and b.u.t.ter, and half a Pint of Ale between us. But the Entertainment was in her Conversation. My always keeping good Hours, and giving little Trouble in the Family, made her unwilling to part with me; so that when I talk"d of a Lodging I had heard of, nearer my Business, for 2/ a Week, which, intent as I now was on saving Money, made some Difference; she bid me not think of it, for she would abate me two Shillings a Week for the future, so I remain"d with her at 1/6 as long as I staid in London.--
In a Garret of her House there lived a Maiden Lady of 70 in the most retired Manner, of whom my Landlady gave me this Account, that she was a Roman Catholic, had been sent abroad when young and lodg"d in a Nunnery with an Intent of becoming a Nun: but the Country not agreeing with her, she return"d to England, where there being no Nunnery, she had vow"d to lead the Life of a Nun as near as might be done in those Circ.u.mstances: Accordingly she had given all her Estate to charitable Uses, reserving only Twelve Pounds a Year to live on, and out of this Sum she still gave a great deal in Charity, living herself on Watergruel only, and using no Fire but to boil it.--She had lived many Years in that Garret, being permitted to remain there gratis by successive Catholic Tenants of the House below, as they deem"d it a Blessing to have her there. A Priest visited her, to confess her every Day. I have ask"d her, says my Landlady, how she, as she liv"d, could possibly find so much Employment for a Confessor? O, says she, it is impossible to avoid _vain Thoughts_.
I was permitted once to visit her: She was chearful and polite, and convers"d pleasantly. The Room was clean, but had no other Furniture than a Matras, a Table with a Crucifix and Book, a Stool, which she gave me to sit on, and a Picture over the Chimney of St. _Veronica_, displaying her Handkerchief with the miraculous Figure of Christ"s bleeding Face on it, which she explain"d to me with great Seriousness.
She look"d pale, but was never sick, and I give it as another Instance on how small an Income Life and Health may be supported.
At Watts"s Printinghouse I contracted an Acquaintance with an ingenious young Man, one Wygate, who having wealthy Relations, had been better educated than most Printers, was a tolerable Latinist, spoke French, and lov"d Reading. I taught him and a Friend of his, to swim, at twice going into the River, and they soon became good Swimmers. They introduc"d me to some Gentlemen from the Country who went to Chelsea by Water to see the College and Don Saltero"s Curiosities.[5] In our Return, at the Request of the Company, whose Curiosity Wygate had excited, I stript and leapt into the River, and swam from near Chelsea to Blackfryars, performing on the Way many Feats of Activity both upon and under Water, that surpriz"d and pleas"d those to whom they were Novelties.--I had from a Child been ever delighted with this Exercise, had studied and practis"d all Thevenot"s Motions and Positions, added some of my own, aiming at the graceful and easy, as well as the Useful. All these I took this Occasion of exhibiting to the Company, and was much flatter"d by their Admiration.--And Wygate, who was desirous of becoming a Master, grew more and more attach"d to me, on that account, as well as from the Similarity of our Studies. He at length propos"d to me travelling all over Europe together, supporting ourselves everywhere by working at our Business. I was once inclin"d to it. But mentioning it to my good Friend Mr. Denham, with whom I often spent an Hour, when I had Leisure. He dissuaded me from it, advising me to think only of returning to Pensilvania, which he was now about to do.
I must record one Trait of this good Man"s Character. He had formerly been in Business at Bristol, but fail"d in Debt to a Number of People, compounded and went to America. There, by a close Application to Business as a Merchant, he acquir"d a plentiful Fortune in a few Years.
Returning to England in the Ship with me, He invited his old Creditors to an Entertainment, at which he thank"d them for the easy Composition they had favour"d him with, and when they expected nothing but the Treat, every Man at the first Remove, found under his Plate an Order on a Banker for the full Amount of the unpaid Remainder with Interest.
He now told me he was about to return to Philadelphia, and should carry over a great Quant.i.ty of Goods in order to open a Store there: He propos"d to take me over as his Clerk, to keep his Books (in which he would instruct me) copy his Letters, and attend the Store. He added, that as soon as I should be acquainted with mercantile Business he would promote me by sending me with a Cargo of Flour and Bread etc to the West Indies, and procure me Commissions from others; which would be profitable, and if I manag"d well, would establish me handsomely. The Thing pleas"d me, for I was grown tired of London, remember"d with Pleasure the happy Months I had spent in Pennsylvania, and wish"d again to see it. Therefore I immediately agreed, on the Terms of Fifty Pounds a Year, Pensylvania Money less indeed than my then present Gettings as a Compositor, but affording a better Prospect.--
I now took leave of Printing; as I thought for ever, and was daily employ"d in my new Business; going about with Mr. Denham among the Tradesmen, to purchase various Articles, and seeing them pack"d up, doing Errands, calling upon Workmen to dispatch, etc. and when all was on board, I had a few Days Leisure. On one of these Days I was to my Surprise sent for by a great Man I knew only by Name, a Sir William Wyndham and I waited upon him. He had heard by some means or other of my Swimming from Chelsey to Blackfryars, and of my teaching Wygate and another young Man to swim in a few Hours. He had two Sons about to set out on their Travels; he wish"d to have them first taught Swimming; and propos"d to gratify me handsomely if I would teach them.--They were not yet come to Town and my Stay was uncertain, so I could not undertake it.
But from this Incident I thought it likely, that if I were to remain in England and open a Swimming School, I might get a good deal of Money.
And it struck me so strongly, that had the Overture been sooner made me, probably I should not so soon have returned to America.--After many Years, you and I had something of more Importance to do with one of these Sons of Sir William Wyndham, become Earl of Egremont, which I shall mention in its Place.--[This promise Franklin did not fulfill.]
Thus I spent about 18 Months in London. Most Part of the Time, I work"d hard at my Business, and spent but little upon myself except in seeing Plays, and in Books.--My Friend Ralph had kept me poor. He owed me about 27 Pounds; which I was now never likely to receive; a great Sum out of my small Earnings. I lov"d him notwithstanding, for he had many amiable Qualities.--Tho" I had by no means improv"d my Fortune. But I had pick"d up some very ingenious Acquaintance whose Conversation was of great Advantage to me, and I had read considerably.
We sail"d from Gravesend on the 23^d of July 1726. For the Incidents of the Voyage, I refer you to my Journal, where you will find them all minutely related. Perhaps the most important Part of that Journal is the _Plan_ [This Plan is not found in the _Journal_ printed in _Writings_, II, 53-86.] to be found in it which I formed at Sea, for regulating my future Conduct in Life. It is the more remarkable, as being formed when I was so young, and yet being pretty faithfully adhered to quite thro"
to old Age.--We landed in Philadelphia on the 11th of October, where I found sundry Alterations. Keith was no longer Governor, being superceded by Major Gordon: I met him walking the Streets as a common Citizen. He seem"d a little asham"d at seeing me, but pa.s.s"d without saying any thing. I should have been as much asham"d at seeing Miss Read, had not her Fr^ds, despairing with Reason of my Return, after the Receipt of my Letter, persuaded her to marry another, one Rogers, a Potter, which was done in my Absence. With him however she was never happy, and soon parted from him, refusing to cohabit with him, or bear his Name[,] it being now said that he had another Wife. He was a worthless Fellow tho"
an excellent Workman[,] which was the Temptation to her Friends. He got into Debt, ran away in 1727 or 28. and went to the West Indies, and died there. Keimer had got a better House, a Shop well supply"d with Stationary[,] plenty of new Types, a number of Hands tho" none good, and seem"d to have a great deal of Business.
Mr. Denham took a Store in Water Street, where we open"d our Goods. I attended the Business diligently, studied Accounts, and grew in a little Time expert at selling. We lodg"d and boarded together, he counsell"d me as a Father, having a sincere Regard for me: I respected and lov"d him: and we might have gone on together very happily: But in the Beginning of Feb^y 172-6/7 when I had just pa.s.s"d my 21^st Year, we both were taken ill. My Distemper was a Pleurisy, which very nearly carried me off:--I suffered a good deal, gave up the Point in my own mind, and was rather disappointed when I found my Self recovering; regretting in some degree that I must now some time or other have all that disagreeable Work to do over again.--I forget what his Distemper was. It held him a long time, and at length carried him off. He left me a small Legacy in a nuncupative Will, as a Token of his Kindness for me, and he left me once more to the wide World. For the Store was taken into the Care of his Executors, and my Employment under him ended:--My Brother-in-law Holmes, being now at Philadelphia, advised my Return to my Business. And Keimer tempted me with an Offer of large Wages by the Year to come and take the Management of his Printing-House, that he might better attend his Stationer"s Shop.--I had heard a bad Character of him in London, from his Wife and her Friends, and was not fond of having any more to do with him. I try"d for farther Employment as a Merchant"s Clerk; but not readily meeting with any, I clos"d again with Keimer.--
I found in _his_ House these Hands; Hugh Meredith a Welsh-Pensilvanian, 30 Years of Age, bred to Country Work: honest, sensible, had a great deal of solid Observation, was something of a Reader, but given to drink: Stephen Potts, a young Country Man of full Age, bred to the Same:--of uncommon natural Parts, and great Wit and Humour, but a little idle. These he had agreed with at extream low Wages, p[er] Week, to be rais"d a Shilling every 3 Months, as they would deserve by improving in their Business, and the Expectation of these high Wages to come on hereafter was what he had drawn them in with. Meredith was to work at Press, Potts at Bookbinding, which he by Agreement, was to teach them, tho" he knew neither one nor t"other. John ---- a wild Irishman brought up to no Business, whose Service for 4 Years Keimer had purchas"d from the Captain of a Ship. He too was to be made a Pressman. George Webb, an Oxford Scholar, whose Time for 4 Years he had likewise bought, intending him for a Compositor: of whom more presently. And David Harry, a Country Boy, whom he had taken Apprentice. I soon perceiv"d that the Intention of engaging me at Wages so much higher than he had been us"d to give, was to have these raw cheap Hands form"d thro" me, and as soon as I had instructed them, then, they being all articled to him, he should be able to do without me.--I went on however, very chearfully; put his Printing House in Order, which had been in great Confusion, and brought his Hands by degrees to mind their Business and to do it better.
It was an odd Thing to find an Oxford Scholar in the Situation of a bought Servant. He was not more than 18 Years of Age, and gave me this Account of himself; that he was born in Gloucester, educated at a Grammar School there, had been distinguish"d among the Scholars for some apparent Superiority in performing his Part when they exhibited Plays; belong"d to the Witty Club there, and had written some Pieces in Prose and Verse which were printed in the Gloucester Newspapers.--Thence he was sent to Oxford; where he continu"d about a Year, but not well-satisfy"d, wishing of all things to see London and become a Player.
At length receiving his Quarterly Allowance of 15 Guineas, instead of discharging his Debts, he walk"d out of Town, hid his Gown in a Furz Bush, and footed it to London, where having no Friend to advise him, he fell into bad Company, soon spent his Guineas, found no means of being introduc"d among the Players, grew necessitous, p.a.w.n"d his Cloaths and wanted Bread. Walking the Street very hungry, and not knowing what to do with himself, a Crimp"s Bill was put into his Hand, offering immediate Entertainment and Encouragement to such as would bind themselves to serve in America. He went directly, sign"d the Indentures, was put into the Ship and came over; never writing a Line to acquaint his Friends what was become of him. He was lively, witty, good-natur"d, and a pleasant Companion, but idle, thoughtless and imprudent to the last Degree.
John the Irishman soon ran away. With the rest I began to live very agreably; for they all respected me, the more as they found Keimer incapable of instructing them, and that from me they learnt something daily. We never work"d on a Sat.u.r.day, that being Keimer"s Sabbath. So I had two Days for Reading.--My Acquaintance with ingenious People in the Town, increased. Keimer himself treated me with great Civility, and apparent Regard; and nothing now made me uneasy but my Debt to Vernon, which I was yet unable to pay being hitherto but a poor Oeconomist. He however kindly made no Demand of it.
Our Printing-House often wanted Sorts, and there was no Letter Founder in America. I had seen Types cast at James"s in London, but without much Attention to the Manner: However I now contriv"d a Mould, made use of the Letters we had, as Puncheons, struck the Matrices in Lead, and thus supply"d in a pretty tolerable way all Deficiencies. I also engrav"d several Things on occasion. I made the Ink, I was Warehouse-man and every thing, in short quite a Factotum.--
But however serviceable I might be, I found that my Services became every Day of less Importance, as the other Hands improv"d in the Business. And when Keimer paid my second Quarter"s Wages, he let me know that he felt them too heavy, and thought I should make an Abatement. He grew by degrees less civil, put on more of the Master, frequently found Fault, was captious and seem"d ready for an Out-breaking. I went on nevertheless with a good deal of Patience, thinking that his inc.u.mber"d Circ.u.mstances were partly the Cause. At length a Trifle snapt our Connexion. For a great Noise happening near the Courthouse, I put my Head out of the Window to see what was the Matter. Keimer being in the Street look"d up and saw me, call"d out to me in a loud voice and angry Tone to mind my Business, adding some reproachful Words, that nettled me the more for their Publicity, all the Neighbours who were looking out on the same Occasion being Witnesses how I was treated. He came up immediately into the Printing-House, continu"d the Quarrel, high Words pa.s.s"d on both Sides, he gave me the Quarter"s Warning we had stipulated, expressing a Wish that he had not been oblig"d to so long a Warning: I told him his Wish was unnecessary for I would leave him that Instant; and so taking my Hat walk"d out of Doors; desiring Meredith whom I saw below to take care of some Things I left, and bring them to my Lodging.--
Meredith came accordingly in the Evening, when we talk"d my Affair over.
He had conceiv"d a great Regard for me, and was very unwilling that I should leave the House while he remain"d in it. He dissuaded me from returning to my native Country which I began to think of. He reminded me that Keimer was in debt for all he possess"d, that his Creditors began to be uneasy, that he kept his Shop miserably, sold often without Profit for ready Money, and often trusted without keeping Accounts. That he must therefore fail; which would make a Vacancy I might profit of.--I objected my Want of Money. He then let me know, that his Father had a high Opinion of me, and from some Discourse that had pa.s.s"d between them, he was sure would advance Money to set us up, if I would enter into Partner Ship with him. My Time, says he, will be out with Keimer in the Spring. By that time we may have our Press and Types in from London: I am sensible I am no Workman. If you like it, Your Skill in the Business shall be set against the Stock I furnish; and we will share the Profits equally.--The Proposal was agreable, and I consented. His Father was in Town, and approv"d of it, the more as he saw I had great Influence with his Son, had prevail"d on him to abstain long from Dramdrinking, and he hop"d might break him of that wretched Habit entirely, when we came to be so closely connected. I gave an Inventory to the Father, who carry"d it to a Merchant; the Things were sent for; the Secret was to be kept till they should arrive, and in the mean time I was to get work if I could at the other Printing House. But I found no Vacancy there, and so remain"d idle a few Days, when Keimer, on a Prospect of being employ"d to print some Paper-Money, in New Jersey, which would require Cuts and various Types that I only could supply, and apprehending Bradford might engage me and get the Jobb from him, sent me a very civil Message, that old Friends should not part for a few Words the Effect of sudden Pa.s.sion, and wishing me to return. Meredith persuaded me to comply, as it would give more Opportunity for his Improvement under my daily Instructions.--So I return"d, and we went on more smoothly than for some time before. The New Jersey Jobb was obtained. I contriv"d a Copper-Plate Press for it, the first that had been seen in the Country. I cut several Ornaments and Checks for the Bills. We went together to Burlington, where I executed the Whole to Satisfaction, and he received so large a Sum for the Work, as to be enabled thereby to keep his Head much longer above Water.
At Burlington I made an Acquaintance with many princ.i.p.al People of the Province. Several of them had been appointed by the a.s.sembly a Committee to attend the Press, and take Care that no more Bills were printed than the Law directed. They were therefore by Turns constantly with us, and generally he who attended brought with him a Friend or two for Company.
My Mind having been much more improv"d by Reading than Keimer"s, I suppose it was for that Reason my Conversation seem"d to be more valu"d.
They had me to their Houses, introduc"d me to their Friends and show"d me much Civility, while he, tho" the Master, was a little neglected. In truth he was an odd Fish, ignorant of common Life, fond of rudely opposing receiv"d Opinions, slovenly to extream dirtiness, enthusiastic in some Points of Religion, and a little Knavish withal. We continu"d there near 3 Months, and by that time I could reckon among my acquired Friends, Judge Allen, Samuel Bustill, the Secretary of the Province, Isaac Pearson, Joseph Cooper and several of the Smiths, Members of a.s.sembly, and Isaac Decow the Surveyor General. The latter was a shrewd sagacious old Man, who told me that he began for himself when young by wheeling Clay for the Brickmakers, learnt to write after he was of Age, carry"d the Chain for Surveyors, who taught him Surveying, and he had now by his Industry acquir"d a good Estate; and says he, I foresee, that you will soon work this Man out of his Business and make a Fortune in it at Philadelphia. He had not then the least Intimation of my Intention to set up there or any where. These Friends were afterwards of great use to me, as I occasionally was to some of them. They all continued their Regard for me as long as they lived.--
Before I enter upon my public Appearance in Business it may be well to let you know the then State of my Mind, with regard to my Principles and Morals, that you may see how far those influenc"d the future Events of my Life. My Parent"s [_sic_] had early given me religious Impressions, and brought me through my Childhood piously in the Dissenting Way. But I was scarce 15 when, after doubting by turns of several Points as I found them disputed in the different Books I read, I began to doubt of Revelation it self. Some Books against Deism fell into my Hands; they were said to be the Substance of Sermons preached at Boyle"s Lectures.
It happened that they wrought an Effect on me quite contrary to what was intended by them: For the Arguments of the Deists which were quoted to be refuted, appeared to me much Stronger than the Refutations. In short I soon became a thorough Deist. My Arguments perverted some others, particularly Collins and Ralph: but each of them having afterwards wrong"d me greatly without the least Compunction and recollecting Keith"s Conduct towards me, (who was another Freethinker) and my own towards Vernon and Miss Read, which at Times gave me great Trouble, I began to suspect that this Doctrine tho" it might be true, was not very useful.--My London Pamphlet, which had for its Motto these Lines of Dryden
_Whatever is, is right. Tho" purblind Man Sees but a Part of the Chain, the nearest Link, His Eyes not carrying to the equal Beam, That poises all, above._
And from the Attributes of G.o.d, his infinite Wisdom, Goodness and Power concluded that nothing could possibly be wrong in the World, and that Vice and Virtue were empty Distinctions, no such Things existing: appear"d now not so clever a Performance as I once thought it; and I doubted whether some Error had not insinuated itself unperceiv"d, into my Argument, so as to infect all that follow"d, as is common in metaphysical Reasonings.--I grew convinc"d that _Truth_, _Sincerity_ and _Integrity_ in Dealings between Man and Man, were of the utmost Importance to the Felicity of Life, and I form"d written Resolutions, (w^ch still remain in my Journal Book) to practice them everwhile I lived. Revelation had indeed no weight with me as such; but I entertain"d an Opinion, that tho" certain Actions might not be bad _because_ they were forbidden by it, or good _because_ it commanded them; yet probably those Actions might be forbidden _because_ they were bad for us, or commanded _because_ they were beneficial to us, in their own Natures, all the Circ.u.mstances of things considered. And this Persuasion, with the kind hand of Providence, or some guardian Angel, or accidental favourable Circ.u.mstances and Situations, or all together, preserved me (thro" this dangerous Time of Youth and the hazardous Situations I was sometimes in among Strangers, remote from the Eye and Advice of my Father) without any _wilful_ gross Immorality or Injustice that might have been expected from my Want of Religion. I say _wilful_, because the Instances I have mentioned, had something of _Necessity_ in them, from my Youth, Inexperience, and the Knavery of others. I had therefore a tolerable Character to begin the World with, I valued it properly, and determin"d to preserve it.--
We had not been long return"d to Philadelphia, before the New Types arriv"d from London. We settled with Keimer, and left him by his Consent before he heard of it.--We found a House to hire near the Market, and took it. To lessen the Rent, (which was then but 24 a Year tho" I have since known it let for 70) We took in Tho" G.o.dfrey a Glazier and his Family, who were to pay a considerable Part of it to us, and we to board with them. We had scarce opened our Letters and put our Press in Order, before George House, an Acquaintance of mine, brought a Countryman to us, whom he had met in the Street enquiring for a Printer. All our Cash was now expended in the Variety of Particulars we had been obliged to procure and this Countryman"s Five Shillings being our first Fruits, and coming so seasonably, gave me more Pleasure than any Crown I have since earned; and from the Grat.i.tude I felt towards House, has made me often more ready, than perhaps I should otherwise have been to a.s.sist young Beginners.
There are Croakers in every Country always boding its Ruin. Such a one then lived in Philadelphia, a Person of Note, an elderly Man, with a wise Look, and very grave Manner of speaking. His Name was Samuel Mickle. This Gentleman, a Stranger to me, stopt one Day at my Door, and asked me if I was the young Man who had lately opened a new Printing House: Being answered in the Affirmative, he said he was sorry for me, because it was an expensive Undertaking and the Expence would be lost; for Philadelphia was a sinking Place, the People already half Bankrupts or near being so; all Appearances to the contrary, such as hew Buildings and the Rise of Rents being to his certain Knowledge fallacious; for they were in fact among the Things that would soon ruin us.--And he gave me such a Detail of Misfortunes, now existing or that were soon to exist, that he left me half melancholy. Had I known him before I engaged in this Business, probably I never should have done it.--This Man continued to live in this decaying Place; and to declaim in the same Strain, refusing for many Years to buy a House there, because all was going to Destruction, and at last I had the Pleasure of seeing him give five times as much for one as he might have bought it for, when he first began his Croaking.
I should have mentioned before, that in the Autumn of the proceeding Year I had formed most of my ingenious Acquaintance into a Club of mutual Improvement, which we called the Junto. We met on Friday Evenings. The Rules I drew up required that every Member in his Turn should produce one or more Queries on any Point of Morals, Politics or Natural Philosophy, to be discussed by the Company, and once in three Months produce and read an Essay of his own Writing on any Subject he pleased. Our Debates were to be under the Direction of a President and to be conducted in the sincere Spirit of Enquiry after Truth, without Fondness for Dispute, or Desire of Victory; and to prevent Warmth all Expressions of Positiveness in Opinions or direct Contradiction, were after some time made contraband and prohibited under small pecuniary Penalties.--The first Members were Joseph Breintnal,[6] a Copyer of Deeds for the Scriveners; a good-natur"d friendly middle-ag"d Man, a great Lover of Poetry, reading all he could meet with, and writing some that was tolerable; very ingenious in many little Nicknackeries, and of sensible Conversation. Thomas G.o.dfrey,[7] a self-taught Mathematician, great in his Way, and afterwards Inventor of what is now call"d Hadley"s Quadrant. But he knew little out of his way, and was not a pleasing Companion, as like most Great Mathematicians I have met with, he expected universal Precision in every thing said, or was forever denying or distinguishing upon Trifles, to the Disturbance of all Conversation.
He soon left us. Nicholas Scull, a Surveyor, afterwards Surveyor-General, who lov"d Books, and sometimes made a few Verses.
William Parsons,[8] bred a Shoemaker, but loving Reading, had acquir"d a considerable Share of Mathematics, which he first studied with a View to Astrology that he afterwards laught at. He also became Surveyor General.
William Maugridge, a Joiner, a most exquisite Mechanic and a solid sensible Man. Hugh Meredith, Stephen Potts, and George Webb, I have Characteris"d before. Robert Grace, a young Gentleman of some Fortune, generous, lively and witty, a Lover of Punning and of his Friends. And William Coleman, then a Merchant"s Clerk, about my Age, who had the coolest clearest Head, the best Heart, and the exactest Morals, of almost any Man I ever met with. He became afterwards a Merchant of great Note, and one of our Provincial Judges. Our Friendship continued without Interruption to his death upwards of 40 Years. And the club continu"d almost as long[,] and was the best School of Philosophy, and Politics that then existed in the Province; for our Queries which were read the Week preceding their Discussion, put us on reading with Attention upon the several Subjects, that we might speak more to the purpose: and here too we acquired better Habits of Conversation, every thing being studied in our Rules which might prevent our disgusting each other. From hence the long Continuance of the Club, which I shall have frequent Occasion to speak farther of hereafter; But my giving this Account of it here, is to show something of the Interest I had, every one of these exerting themselves in recommending Business to us.--Brientnal particularly procur"d us from the Quakers, the Printing 40 Sheets of their History [William Sewel"s], the rest being to be done by Keimer: and upon this we work"d exceeding hard, for the Price was low. It was a Folio, Pro Patria Size, in Pica with Long Primer Notes. I compos"d of it a Sheet a Day, and Meredith work"d it off at Press. It was often 11 at Night and sometimes later, before I had finish"d my Distribution for the next days Work: For the little Jobbs sent in by our other Friends now and then put us back. But so determin"d I was to continue doing a Sheet a Day of the Folio, that one Night when having impos"d my Forms, I thought my Days Work over, one of them by accident was broken and two Pages reduc"d to pie, I immediately distributed and compos"d it over again before I went to bed. And this Industry visible to our Neighbours began to give us Character and Credit; particularly I was told, that mention being made of the new Printing Office at the Merchants every-night Club, the general Opinion was that it must fail, there being already two Printers in the Place, Keimer and Bradford; but Dr. Baird (whom you and I saw many Years after at his native Place, St. Andrews in Scotland) gave a contrary Opinion; for the Industry of that Franklin, says he, is superior to any thing I ever saw of the kind: I see him still at work when I go home from Club; and he is at Work again before his Neighbours are out of bed. This struck the rest, and we soon after had Offers from one of them to Supply us with Stationary. But as yet we did not chuse to engage in Shop Business.
I mention this Industry the more particularly and the more freely, tho"
it seems to be talking in my own Praise, that those of my Posterity who shall read it, may know the Use of that Virtue, when they see its Effects in my Favour throughout this Relation.--
George Webb, who had found a Friend that lent him wherewith to purchase his Time of Keimer, now came to offer himself as a Journeyman to us. We could not then imploy him, but I foolishly let him know, as a Secret, that I soon intended to begin a Newspaper, and might then have Work for him. My Hopes of Success as I told him were founded on this, that the then only Newspaper [the _American Weekly Mercury_], printed by Bradford was a paltry thing, wretchedly manag"d, no way entertaining; and yet was profitable to him.--I therefore thought a good Paper could scarcely fail of good Encouragem^t. I requested Webb not to mention it, but he told it to Keimer, who immediately, to be beforehand with me, published Proposals for Printing one himself, on which Webb was to be employ"d.--I resented this, and to counteract them, as I could not yet begin our Paper, I wrote several Pieces of Entertainment for Bradford"s Paper, under the t.i.tle of the Busy Body which Brientnal continu"d some Months.
By this means the Attention of the Publick was fix"d on that Paper, and Keimer"s Proposals which we burlesqu"d and ridicul"d, were disregarded.
He began his Paper[9] however, and after carrying it on three Quarters of a Year, with at most only 90 Subscribers, he offer"d it to me for a Trifle, and I having been ready some time to go on with it, took it in hand directly, and it prov"d in a few years extreamly profitable to me.
I perceive that I am apt to speak in the singular Number, though our Partnership still continu"d. The Reason may be, that in fact the whole Management of the Business lay upon me. Meredith was no Compositor, a poor Pressman, and seldom sober. My Friends lamented my Connection with him, but I was to make the best of it.
Our first Papers made a quite different Appearance from any before in the Province, a better Type and better printed [In MS is found: "Insert these Remarks, in a Note."]: but some spirited Remarks of my Writing on the Dispute then going on between Gov^r Burnet and the Ma.s.sachusetts a.s.sembly, struck the princ.i.p.al People, occasion"d the Paper and the Manager of it to be much talk"d of, and in a few Weeks brought them all to be our Subscribers. Their Example was follow"d by many, and our Number went on growing continually.--This was one of the first good Effects of my having learnt a little to scribble. Another was, that the leading Men, seeing a News Paper now in the hands of one who could also handle a Pen, thought it convenient to oblige and encourage me. Bradford still printed the Votes and Laws and other Publick Business. He had printed an Address of the House to the Governor in a coa.r.s.e blundering manner; We reprinted it elegantly and correctly, and sent one to every Member. They were sensible of the Difference, it strengthen"d the Hands of our Friends in the House, and they voted us their Printers for the Year ensuing.
Among my Friends in the House I must not forget Mr. Hamilton before mentioned, who was then returned from England and had a Seat in it. He interested himself for me strongly in that Instance, as he did in many others afterwards, continuing his Patronage till his Death.[D] M^r Vernon about this time put me in mind of the Debt I ow"d him: but did not press me. I wrote him an ingenuous Letter of Acknowledgments, crav"d his Forbearance a little longer which he allow"d me, and as soon as I was able I paid the Princ.i.p.al with Interest and many Thanks.--So that Erratum was in some degree corrected.--
[D] I got his Son once 500 . [_Franklin"s note._]
But now another Difficulty came upon me, which I had never the least Reason to expect. Mr. Meredith"s Father, who was to have paid for our Printing House according to the Expectations given me, was able to advance only one Hundred Pounds, Currency, which had been paid, and a Hundred more was due to the Merchant; who grew impatient and su"d us all. We gave Bail, but saw that if the Money could not be rais"d in time, the Suit must come to a Judgment and Execution, and our hopeful Prospects must with us be ruined, as the Press and Letters must be sold for Payment, perhaps at half Price.--In this Distress two true Friends whose Kindness I have never forgotten nor ever shall forget while I can remember any thing, came to me separately[,] unknown to each other, and without any Application from me, offering each of them to advance me all the Money that should be necessary to enable me to take the whole Business upon myself if that should be practicable, but they did not like my continuing the Partnership with Meredith, who as they said was often seen drunk in the Streets, and playing at low Games in Alehouses, much to our Discredit. These two Friends were _William Coleman_ and _Robert Grace_. I told them I could not propose a Separation while any Prospect remain"d of the Merediths fulfilling their Part of our Agreement. Because I thought myself under great Obligations to them for what they had done and would do if they could. But if they finally fail"d in their Performance, and our Partnership must be dissolv"d, I should then think myself at Liberty to accept the a.s.sistance of my Friends. Thus the matter rested for some time. When I said to my Partner, perhaps your Father is dissatisfied at the Part you have undertaken in this Affair of ours, and is unwilling to advance for you and me what he would for you alone: If that is the Case, tell me, and I will resign the whole to you and go about my Business. No[,] says he, my Father has really been disappointed and is really unable; and I am unwilling to distress him farther. I see this is a Business I am not fit for. I was bred a Farmer, and it was a Folly in me to come to Town and put my Self at 30 Years of Age an Apprentice to learn a new Trade. Many of our Welsh People are going to settle in North Carolina where Land is cheap: I am inclin"d to go with them, and following my old Employment.
You may find Friends to a.s.sist you. If you will take the Debts of the Company upon you, return to my Father the hundred Pound he has advanc"d, pay my little personal Debts, and give me Thirty Pounds and a new Saddle, I will relinquish the Partnership and leave the whole in your Hands. I agreed to this Proposal. It was drawn up in Writing, sign"d and seal"d immediately. I gave him what he demanded and he went soon after to Carolina; from whence he sent me next Year two long Letters, containing the best Account that had been given of that Country, the Climate, Soil, Husbandry, etc. for in those Matters he was very judicious. I printed them in the Papers, and they gave grate Satisfaction to the Publick.