Twelve days after his State of the Union: JFKL, NSF, N. S. Khrushchev speech, Thompson telegrams, Buildup to 02/11/1961 meeting, and Preparation for Thompson trip to Moscow, Box 176.
The long-awaited meeting: Sidey, JFK, 164; Sorensen, Kennedy, 164, 542; JFKL, NSF, Notes on Discussion, February 11, 1961, Countries Series, USSR, Top Secret, aThe Thinking of the Soviet Leadership,a Cabinet Room; Bundy drafted.
At age fifty-six, Thompson: David Mayers, aAfter Stalin: The Amba.s.sadors and Americaas Soviet Policy, 1953a"1962,a Diplomacy and Statecraft, 5, no. 2 (July 1994), 213a"247; David Mayers, The Amba.s.sadors and Americaas Soviet Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, 201.
He agreed with Khrushchevas view: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 399.
aWe have refused these overturesa: DNSA, Relationship of Berlin Problem to Future of Germany and Overall Relations with Soviet Union, Secret, Cable, 1773, March 9, 1959.
aHe is the most pragmatica: JFKL, Memcon, February 11, 1961; JFKL, Kennan, Bohlen, Thompson OHs; JFKL, Thompsona"DFR, February 13, 1961, BOX 176, Doc.u.ments for Thompson Telegrams; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 69.
Pointing to Khrushchevas Kremlin opposition: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 20.
He said the Soviets were adeeply concerneda: JFKL, Thompsona"Rusk, February 4, 1961, also in Decla.s.sified Doc.u.ments, 1977/74B; Marc Trachtenberg, History and Strategy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991, 172.
Thompson said Khrushchev would be influenced: JFKL, Thompsona"Rusk, February 4, 1961, also in Decla.s.sified Doc.u.ments, 1977/74B; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 175.
Walter Dowling, the U.S. amba.s.sador: Department of State, Telegram 1218 from Bonn, Central Files, 762.00/2-861, also in Decla.s.sified Doc.u.ments, 1977/74C.
aI am sure we would erra: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 20.
The February 11 meeting: JFKL, Charles Bohlen OH, May 21, 1964; FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 26, Notes on Discussion, drafted by Bundy, aThe Thinking of the Soviet Leadership,a Cabinet Room, February 11, 1961; Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 342, 546.
The men arrayed before him: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 68a"70; JFKL, Memcon, February 11, 1961; JFKL, Kennan, Bohlen, Thompson OHs; JFKL, Thompsona"DFR, February 13, 1961; New York Times, 02/10/1961, 02/12/1961, 02/19/1961; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 303a"306; Sorensen, Kennedy, 510, 541a"542.
Thompson argued that the U.S. ahope for the futurea: JFKL, NSF, Notes on Discussion, February 11, 1961, Countries Series, USSR, Top Secret, aThe Thinking of the Soviet Leadership,a Cabinet Room; Bundy drafted; FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 26.
Bohlen opposed Khrushchevas suggestion: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 26.
As he had told his aide: Kenneth P. OaDonnell and David F. Powers, with Joe McCarthy, aJohnny, We Hardly Knew Yea: Memories of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972, 286.
Beyond that, other countries: Sidey, JFK, 164.
aIt is my duty to make decisionsa: Sorensen, Kennedy, 542a"543.
On February 27, Bundy instructed: DNSA, Crisis over Berlin, February 27, 1961, vol. 7.
But by the time Thompson phoned: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 80.
Khrushchev delivered a speech: New York Times, 03/07/1961.
5. ULBRICHT AND ADENAUER: UNRULY ALLIANCES.
aWhatever elections showa: John F. Kennedy, aA Democrat Looks at Foreign Policy,a Foreign Affairs, 36, no. 1 (October 1957), 49.
aWest Berlin is experiencing a growtha: SAPMO-BArch, ZPA, J IV 2/2/743. aStichwort Protokoll der Beratung des Politbros am 4. Januar 1961 ber aDie Gegenwrtige Lage und die Hauptaufgaben 1961,aa Politbro, aReinschriftenprotokoll Nr. 1 vom 4.1.1961.a At age sixty-seven: Mario Frank, Walter Ulbricht: Eine Deutsche Biographie. Berlin: Siedler, 2001, 282.
aOur task was to dispela: Konrad Adenauer, Memoirs, 1945a"1953. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1966, 41, 79.
Speaking to his subjects: Berliner Zeitung, 01/01/1961.
Ulbricht had never been: SAPMO-BArch, ZPA, J IV 2/2/743. aStichwort Protokoll der Beratung des Politbros am 4. Januar 1961 ber aDie Gegenwrtige Lage und die Hauptaufgaben 1961,aa Politbro, aReinschriftenprotokoll Nr. 1 vom 4.1.1961.a Ulbrichtas party lieutenants: Frank, Walter Ulbricht, 344a"345.
Like his mentor Stalin, Ulbricht: Frank, Walter Ulbricht, 287; Thomas Grimm, Das Politbro Privata"Ulbricht, Honecker, Mielke & Co. aus der Sicht ihrer Angestellten. Berlin: Aufbau-Verlag, 2004, 203; Wolfgang Weber, DDRa"40 Jahre Stalinismus: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der DDR. Essen: Arbeiterpresse, 1993, 63; Catherine Epstein, The Last Revolutionaries: German Communists and Their Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003, 20a"22.
Ulbricht was also a man: Grimm, Das Politbro Privat, 203.
At six in the morning: Weber, DDRa"40 Jahre Stalinismus, 159.
Wolfgang Leonhard, the youngest member: Wolfgang Leonhard, Child of the Revolution. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1958, 300, 303.
Ulbricht snapped: Leonhard, Child of the Revolution, 312.
One example came in 1946: Weber, DDRa"40 Jahre Stalinismus, 16a"17.
As late as April 1952: aRecord of Conversation of Leaders of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany W. Pieck, W. Ulbricht, and O. Grotewohl with J. V. Stalin,a April 7, 1952, reprinted in Christian F. Ostermann, Uprising in East Germany 1953: The Cold War, the German Question, and the First Major Upheaval Behind the Iron Curtain. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press, 2001, 38.
Though the chancellor: Henning Khler, Adenauer: Eine politische Biographie. Frankfurt am Main: Propylen, 1994, 730.
Yet Kennedyas undisciplined: Terence Prittie, Konrad Adenauer, 1876a"1967. London: Tom Stacey, 1972, 283.
Nevertheless, the chancellor smiled: Der Spiegel, 01/11/1961.
Adenaueras young country: Eric Owen Smith, The West German Economy. New York: St. Martinas Press, 1983, 18.
For all that accomplishment: Charles Williams, Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000, 177; Hans-Peter Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction. Vol. 1: From the German Empire to the Federal Republic, 1876a"1952. Trans. Louise Willmot. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1995, 154, 160, 357, 402, 602, 604.
Dean Acheson, President Trumanas: Dean Acheson, Sketches from Life of Men I Have Known. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, 169a"170.
An automobile accident: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer, vol. 1, 108a"109.
Some likened his profile: Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen. Munich: Droemer Knaur, 1993, 328.
Just eight years after: aMan of the Year: We Belong to the West,a Time, 01/04/1954.
aThe aim of the Russiansa: Adenauer, Memoirs, 78a"79.
In Adenaueras view: Adenauer, Memoirs, 1945a"1953, 79.
Over the two days: Anneliese Poppinga, aDas Wichtigste ist der Muta: Konrad Adenauera"Die letzten fnf Kanzlerjahre. Bergisch Gladbach, Germany: Gustav Lbbe, 1994, 282.
During his election campaign: Prittie, Konrad Adenauer, 283.
Kennedy had been born: Frank A. Mayer, Adenauer and Kennedy: A Study in German-American Relations, 1969a"1963. New York: St. Martinas Press, 1996.
Eisenhoweras National Security Council: DDEL, White House Office, Office of the Special a.s.sistant for National Security Affairs (OSANSA), Records, 1952a"1961, NSC, Policy Papers Subseries, Box 23, Folder NSC 5803, aU.S. Policy Toward Germany (1),a Operations Coordinating Board, Report on Germany (The Federal Republic, Berlin, East Germany: NSC 5803), November 2, 1960, printed in FRUS, 1958a"1960, vol. IX, Berlin Crisis, 1959a"1960, p. 697; Adrian W. Schertz, Die Deutschlandpolitik Kennedys und Johnsons: Unterschiedliche Anstze innerhalb der amerikanischen Regierung. Cologne: Bhlau, 1992, 47.
U.S. amba.s.sador to Bonn: DNSA, The German Scene at the Turn of the Year. Confidential, Dispatch, 1122, February 8, 1961, Berlin Crisis, Item Number: BC01991.
With Franceas de Gaulle: Eckart Conze, Die gaullistische Herausforderung: Die Deutsch-Franzsischen Beziehungen in der Amerikanischen Europapolitik 1958a"1963. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1995, 91a"94.
Kennedyas election had fed: Khler, Adenauer, 1094.
Adenauer was painfully aware: Walter Sttzle, Kennedy und Adenauer in der Berlin-Krise 1969a"1962. Bonn and Bad G.o.desberg: Neue Gesellschaft, 1973, 19a"20; Mayer, Adenauer and Kennedy, 7; John Fitzgerald Kennedy, A Compilation of Statements and Speeches Made During His Service in the United States Senate and House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964, 979a"980.
Schumacher, who had lost: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer, vol. 1, 596a"603.
Acheson had considered Schumacher: Acheson, Sketches, 171.
Even after his death: Die Zeit, 12/15/1955.
aWent to bed earlya: JFKL, JFK Personal Papers, Diary of European Trip, ms., Box 1; Herbert S. Parmet, Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy. New York: The Dial Press, 1983, 51.
aWe should be readya: John F. Kennedy and Allan Nevins, The Strategy of Peace. New York: Harper & Row, 1960, 7, 11, 12, 30; Mayer, Adenauer and Kennedy, 8, citing his interview with McGeorge Bundy, August 25, 1988, on achancelloras veto.a Nothing in Adenaueras life: Rolf-Dietrich Keil, Mit Adenauer in Moskaua"Erinnerungen eines Dolmetschers. Bonn: Bouvier, 1997, 79, 95, 97.
Adenauer had been shaken: Anneliese Poppinga, Meine Erinnerungen an Konrad Adenauer. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1970, 166.
Khrushchev got the better: Henry Ashby Turner, The Two Germanies Since 1945. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987, 87.
aThe freedom of 10,000a: Guido Knopp, Die Gefangenen. Munich: Goldmann, 2005, 370.
Having never forgotten: Mayer, Adenauer and Kennedy, 8, quoting Georg M. Schild, aJohn F. Kennedy and Berlin,a Paper Presented at the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, June 17a"20, 1993; Kennedy and Nevins, The Strategy of Peace, 212a"213.
Adenauer even sent Nixon: Khler, Adenauer, 1093; Stiftung Bundeskanzler-Adenauer-Haus, III, 6.
The morning began: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 01/05/1961.
The official explanation: Williams, Adenauer, 340.
Born Herbert Frahm: Williams, Adenauer, 488.
The SPDas shift: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer, vol. 1, 524; Bonner Rundschau, 01/06/1961; SPD Press Service, January 4, 1960, P/XV/2.
Still, Adenauer did not trust: Williams, Adenauer, 488; Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer, vol. 1, 487.
aWhoever wants to bea: Khler, Adenauer, 1090; Archiv fr Christlich-Demokratische Politik, VIII-001-1503/3; w.i.l.l.y Brandt, Begegnungen und Einsichten. Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe, 1976, 49.
He was convinced Khrushchev: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer, vol. 1, 645.
Waving his hand, Adenauer: Poppinga, Meine Erinnerungen an Adenauer, 41a"42, 51.
Friedrich Brandt was hiding: Erika Von Hornstein, Flchtlingsgeschichten: 43 Berichte aus den frhen Jahren der DDR. Nrdlingen, Germany: F. Greno, 1985.
6. ULBRICHT AND ADENAUER: THE TAIL WAGS THE BEAR.
aWe are a statea: SAPMO-BArch, ZPA, J IV 2/202/129, 1a"2. Letter from Ulbricht to Khrushchev, January 18, 1961; SED Archives, IfGA, ZPA, J IV, 2/202/129.
aThe probe whicha: SED Archives, IfGA, ZPA, J IV, 2/202/129, Letter from Khrushchev to Ulbricht, January 30, 1961, in Harrison, aUlbricht and the Concrete aRose,aa CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, Appendix C.
aSince Comrade Khrushchevas statementa: SAPMO-BArch, ZPA, J IV 2/202/129, 9-2. Letter from Ulbricht to Khrushchev, January 18, 1961; SED Archives, IfGA, ZPA, J IV, 2/202/129.
aThe booming economya: Hope M. Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall: Sovieta"East German Relations. 1953a"1961. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003, 163a"164; SAPMO-BArch, ZPA, J IV 2/202/129, January 18, 1961, aMglichkeiten des taktischen Vorgehens in der Frage Friedensvertrag und Westberlina and aMa.s.snahmeplan zu organisatorischen Fragen im Zusammenarbeit mit der Vorbereitung des Abschlusses eines Friedensvertrages mit der DDR und der Einberufung einer Friedenskonferenz,a English translation in Harrison, aUlbricht and the Concrete aRose,aa CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, Appendix B.
An East German worker: a West Berlin Shows Progress, Enjoys Best Year Since War,a New York Times, 01/10/1961; aGerman Reds Say Production Is Upa"but Reported Increase Falls Short of Plan; Lags Seen in Vital Industries,a New York Times, 01/10/1961.
Because of all that: Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 150.
Ulbricht did not seek Khrushchevas: Donald S. Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Conflict, 1956a"1961. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962,396.
Yuri Andropov: Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 164a"165; Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Conflict; Chen Jian, Maoas China and the Cold War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001; Vladislav M. Zubok, aaLook What Chaos in the Beautiful Socialist Camp!a: Deng Xiaoping and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1956a"1963,a CWIHP-B, No. 10 (1998), 152a"162; Chen Jian, aDeng Xiaoping, Maoas aContinuous Revolution,a and the Path Toward the Sino-Soviet Split: A Rejoinder,a CWIHP-B, No. 10 (1998), 162a"164, 165a"183; Joachim Krger, aDie Volksrepublik China in der Aussenpolitischen Strategie der DDR (1949a"1989),a in Kuo Heng-yue and Mechthild Leutner, eds., Deutschland und China. Beitrge des Zweiten Internationalen Symposiums zur Geschichte der deutsch-chinesischen Beziehungen Berlin 1991 (Berliner China-Studien 21), Munich: Minerva, 1994, 49.
But everything about: Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 165. Harrison draws on a one-page report that was sent by Yuri Andropov to the Central Committee on January 18, 1961, written by I. Kabin, chairman of the German section in the CPSU CC Department on Relations with Communist and Workersa Parties of Socialist Countries, TsKhSD, R. 8978, F. 5, Op. 49, D. Workersa Parties of Socialist Countries; TsKhSD, R. 8978, F. 5, Op. 49, D. 377; SAPMO-BArch, ZPA, J IV 2/2/745.
The Chinese view: aVermerk ber den Antrittsbesuch Botschafter Hegens bei Ministerprsident der VR China, Genossen Tschou En-lai am 9.6.1961,a written by Hegen, June 12, 1961, Staatsekretr Winzer, MfAA A17879, 2a"3, 6.
aWe arenat Chinaa: AVP-RF, aaZapisa besedy tovarischcha N.S. Khrushcheva s tovarishchem V. Ulabrikhtom, 30 noiabria 1960 G.o.da,a F. 0742, Op. 6, Por. 4, Pap. 43, 14.
During the Fourth Congress: James S. OaDonnell, A Coming of Age: Albania Under Enver Hoxha. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs (distributed by Columbia University Press), 1999, 52a"53.
Khrushchevas response landed: SED Archives, IfGA, ZPA, J IV, 2/202/129, Letter from Khrushchev to Ulbricht, January 30, 1961, in Harrison, aUlbricht and the Concrete aRose,aa CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, Appendix C.
The clouds were already gathering: Khler, Adenauer, 1081.
The West German foreign office: Auswrtiges Amta"Politisches Archiv (AA-PA), 3, Betreff: Political Relations of BRD with United States, 1961.
In exasperation: Boston Herald, 03/13/1961.
aThe Germans are acutely awarea: DNSA, Discussion with Foreign Minister von Brentano, Position Paper, Washington, February 16, 1961; retrieved from Honor Marc Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis: A Case Study in U.S. Decision Making. Berlin: Berlin Verlag, 1980, 302: Appendix III: Secret Position Paper for visit by Heinrich von Brentano to Washington, February 16, 1961, with antic.i.p.ated German position and recommended U.S. position.
Detractors said that Brentano: aGentleman in Politics: Heinrich von Brentano,a New York Times, 02/18/1961.
Rusk had supported: JFKL, POF, Memo, Visits of Chancellor Adenauer and Mayor Brandt, Confidential, February 21, 1961, Box 117, Countries. Germany-Security. Januarya"June 1961.
Kennedy rea.s.sured Brentano: Rolf Steininger, Der Mauerbau: Die Westmchte und Adenauer in der Berlinkriese 1958a"1963. Munich: Olzog, 2001, 168; FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 5.
Brentano described to Kennedy: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Doc. 5; JFKL, POF, Memo, Discussion with German Foreign Minister, February 15, 1961, Secret, Box 117, Countries. Germany-Security. Januarya"June 1961.
More often than not: Prittie, Konrad Adenauer, 255a"256; aWest Germany: In the Masteras Footsteps,a Time, 10/31/1960.
aaAn entirely abnormal situationaa: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Docs. 9a"31, Januarya"May 1961; Doc.u.ments on Germany, 1944a"1985, 723a"727; Doc.u.ments on International Affairs, 1961, 272a"277; Bundesministerium fr Innerdeutsche Beziehungen, ed., Dok.u.mente zur Deutschlandpolitik, IV. Reihe, Band 6, Erster Halbband, 1. Januara"30. Mai 1961, Frankfurt am Main, 1975, 345a"350. See also Aide-mmoire der Regierung der UdSSR an die Regierung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 17. Februar 1961: SPRINGTIME FOR KHRUSHCHEV.
aWest Berlin is a bonea: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 8.
aIt seems more likelya: National Security Archive, Memo, Acheson to the President, April 3, 1961, aApril 1961 Folder,a Nuclear History Box 12.
The Soviet leaderas face: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 42; Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960a"1963. New York: HarperCollins, 1991, 80a"81; William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004, 489.