It had taken Thompson: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 8; Hugh Sidey, John F. Kennedy, President. New York: Atheneum, 1964, 163a"165; New York Times, 03/04/1961, 03/08/1961, 03/10/1961.
Just that week: Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 81.
Moscowas ally in the Congo: Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 81.
Facing such an array: New York Times, 03/04/1961.
Khrushchevas adviser Oleg Troyanovsky: aWhoas Who with Khrushchev,a Time, 09/21/1959; Troyanovsky, Cherez G.o.di, 233a"236; New York Times, 04/03/1955.
A new Soviet statistical: V. M. Kudrov, aComparing the Soviet and US Economies: History and Practices,a in Nicholas Eberstadt and Jonathan Tombes, eds., Comparing the US and Soviet Economies: The 1990 Airlie House Conference. Vol. 1, Total Output and Consumption. Washington, DC: The American Enterprise Inst.i.tute, 2000, 58a"59; Alexander Chubarov, Russiaas Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras. New York: Continuum, 2001, 139; Hannes Adomeit, Imperial Overstretch: Germany in Soviet Policy from Stalin to Gorbachev; An a.n.a.lysis Based on New Archival Evidence, Memoirs, and Interviews. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1998, 103.
In confessing his inadequacy: Stenographic account, February 16, 1961, Decla.s.sified Materials from CPSU Central Committee Plenums (TsK KPSS), Meeting of the CC CPSU Presidium, Protocol No. 328 (February 16, 1961), Information from comrade Khrushchev of the meeting on agriculture in the regions of Ukraine, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus and Central Black Earth area, in Aleksandr Fursenko et al., eds., Archivii Kremlya: Prezidium TsK KPSS, 1954a"1964 Chernoviie protokolnie zapisi zasedanii. Stenogrammi. Postanovlenia, vol. 1 [Archives of the Kremlin: Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1954a"1964, Notes of State Meetings, Stenographic Accounts], Moscow: Rosspen, 2004.
At one local Communist Party: Stenographic account, March 25, 1961, TsK KPSS, Meeting of the CC CPSU Presidium, Protocol No. 321 (March 25, 1961), TsK KPSS; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 344a"345.
The Soviet publicas awareness: Harrison E. Salisbury, A New Russia. New York: Harper & Row, 1962, 120a"121.
Speaking calmly and wearily: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 8.
The American amba.s.sador warned: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 8.
Because Berlin lacked political: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 8.
To further ill.u.s.trate West Berlinas: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 44.
He said the U.S.: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 43.
Instead of embracing: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 8; FRUS, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 43.
Khrushchev complained: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 8.
Thompson returned by plane: New York Times, 03/10/1961.
aAll my diplomatic colleaguesa: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 46; vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 11.
A week later, Thompson: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 11.
With uncanny clairvoyance, Thompson: Telegram from U.S. Emba.s.sy (Moscow) to State Department, March 16, 1961, cited in Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 62, FN 15, 240a"241.
The best minds: DNSA, Berlin Situation [Summary of Report by U.S. Intelligence Board Berlin Sub-Committee Report], Memorandum, March 7, 1961.
Achesonas paper: Department of State, Memo for the President, April 3, 1961, 4 pp; JFKL, Dean G. Acheson OH, no. 1, April 27, 1964.
With a gaggle: James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, 382.
Acheson then helped dissuade: Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953a"1971. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994, 113.
Even at almost age sixty-eight: Robert L. Beisner, Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, 7, 89a"95.
Shortly after Kennedyas election: Acheson letters, 11/22/1960, from Democratic Party 1960 Campaign, Truman Correspondence (courtesy David Acheson). Also in David S. McLellan and David C. Acheson, eds., Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980, 199.
Acheson listed for Kennedy: JFKL, Dean G. Acheson OH.
Acheson conceded that reducing: Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 141.
The French and Germans: Fred M. Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983 / Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991, 283, 338; Andreas Wenger, Living with Peril: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Nuclear Weapons. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, 201; Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 130a"131.
He advised Kennedy: JFKL, POF, Memo, Bundy to the President, March 27, 1961, aBundy, McGeorge 2/69-4/61 Folder,a Box 62, Staff Memoranda; DDRS (Decla.s.sified Doc.u.ment Reference System), aBundy to Kennedy, April 4, 1961,a 1986/2903; Nigel Fisher, Harold Macmillan: A Biography. New York: St. Martinas Press, 1982, 257; Arthur M. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965, 380a"382; Victor Lasky, JFK: The Man and the Myth. New York: Macmillan, 1963, 6a"7; Alistair Horne, Harold Macmillan. vol. 2, 1957a"1986. New York: Viking, 1989, 289a"290.
British Prime Minister Macmillan was taken aback: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 14, Memcon, The Presidentas Meetings with Prime Minister Macmillan, Washington, April 1961, aEasta"West Issues: Berlin,a April 5, 1961, 3:10 p.m.; Fisher, Harold Macmillan, 261.
But the two men: Chace, Acheson, 174.
A keen student of history: Anthony Sampson, Macmillan: A Study in Ambiguity. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Press, 1967, 65a"66.
Macmillan had worried to columnist: JFKL, Henry Brandon OH; Henry Brandon, Special Relationships: A Foreign Correspondentas Memoirs from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: Atheneum, 1988, 155.
Eisenhoweras amba.s.sador to London: Horne, Harold Macmillan, 282; Harold Macmillan Archives, Harold Macmillan, Diaries, 17 November 1960 (scheduled publication date: 04/03/2011).
aI wonder how it isa: Horne, Harold Macmillan, 290.
Perhaps the most disliked: Lord Longford, Kennedy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976, 79a"81; Corey Ford, Donovan of OSS: The Untold Story of William J. Donovan. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970, 89.
To further influence Kennedyas: Horne, Harold Macmillan, 282; Harold Macmillan Archives, Letter of November 9, 1960; Harold Macmillan, Pointing the Way, 1959a"1961. London: Macmillan, 1972, 308.
De Gaulle in Paris: Constantine A. Pagedas, Anglo-American Strategic Relations and the French Problem, 1960a"1963: A Troubled Partnership. London: Frank Cla.s.s, 2000, 124.
When they met in London: Harold Macmillan Archives. Harold Macmillan, Diaries, February 23, 1961.
Ahead of Macmillanas White House: Horne, Harold Macmillan, 286, from interview with the economist John Kenneth Galbraith.
To the prime ministeras relief: Horne, Harold Macmillan, 287a"290, 295.
Macmillan had been taken by: Macmillan, Pointing the Way, 352a"353: diary entry for April 12, 1961.
Yet that positive beginning: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 14, 15; Fisher, Harold Macmillan, 261.
Acheson crisply listed: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 380.
With the return of Achesonas: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 15.
A final internal: Rolf Steininger, Der Mauerbau: Die Westmchte und Adenauer in der Berlinkrise 1958a"1963. Munich: Olzog, 2001, 184.
In the brisk spring: New York Times, 04/09/1961; Washington Post, 04/09/1961.
British officials surprised: Steininger, Der Mauerbau, 182a"185, 183; New York Times, 04/09/1961; Washington Post, 04/10/1961; JFKL, POF, CO: United Kingdom Security, 3/27/69-4/61, Box 127a, Item 7a.
8. AMATEUR HOUR.
aThe European viewa: Dean G. Acheson, Remarks at Foreign Service lunch, Washington, D.C. (transcribed June 29, 1961), S 3, B 51, F62, DGA-Yale. The speech was delivered sometime between June 13 and 25, 1961; retrieved from Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 127.
aI donat understand Kennedya: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita S. Khrushchev: Krizisy i Rakety, vol. 1, 102a"106.
It was Washingtonas first: JFKL, Dean G. Acheson OH, no. 1; Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953a"1971. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994, 127.
Trumanas former secretary: Chace, Acheson, 386a"388; Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 127.
Acheson said he would not: Richard J. Walton, Cold War and Counterrevolution: The Foreign Policy of John F. Kennedy. New York: Viking, 1972, 44.
The two men talked: JFKL, Dean G. Acheson OH; Walton, Cold War and Counterrevolution, 44.
The eighty-five-year-old: Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 57.
Acheson spent much of the day: JFKL, Dean G. Acheson OH; New York Times, 04/10/1961; Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 58a"60.
Beyond that, Adenauer: Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 130a"131.
So Acheson instead focused: Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 129.
For the moment, Kennedy: Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis, 97; Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 129; James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World. New York: Simon & Schuster, 199, 383a"384.
Instead, Kennedy would put: 10; David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey, Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War. London and New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997, 359.
In short, Kennedyas evolving: Murphy, Kondrashev, and Bailey, Battleground Berlin, 360.
When Acheson was near victory: Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 130; Chace, Acheson, 388.
On the day of Adenaueras flight: Norman Cousins, The Improbable Triumvirate: John F. Kennedy, Pope John, Nikita Khrushchev. New York: W. W. Norton, 1972, 83a"87.
Khrushchev would later explain: Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 111; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 5.
It was a measure: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 490; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 110a"111.
With the schedule for the s.p.a.ce launch: Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century. Boston and Torento: Little, Brown, 526a"527.
Khrushchev had accelerated: Gerhard Kowalski, Die Gargarin-Story: Die Wahrheit ber den Flug des ersten Kosmonauten der Welt. Berlin: Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, 1999, 55; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 113.
Lippmann savored his access: Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century, 419, 445; Barry D. Riccio, Walter Lippmann: Odyssey of a Liberal. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1994, 46a"47.
During a lunch break: Washington Post, 04/19/1961.
A German solution: Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century, 527a"528.
Khrushchev laid out his Berlin: Walter Lippmann Papers. Soviet transcript of conversation between Khrushchev and Lippmann, 10 April 1961, New Haven, CT: Yale University, Sterling Memorial Library, Series VII, Box 239; Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century, 3, 203; Vladislav M. Zubok, aKhrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958a"1962),a CWIHP Working Paper No. 6, May 1993, 21a"23; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 490a"491.
Khrushchev told Lippmann: Zubok, aKhrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958a"1962),a CWIHP Working Paper No. 6, 22; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 111.
Khrushchev said he was ready: Walter Lippmann Papers. Soviet transcript of conversation between Khrushchev and Lippmann, April 10, 1961, Yale University; Taubman, Khrushchev, 490a"491; Deborah Welch Larson Anatomy of Mistrust: U.S.a"Soviet Relations During the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000, 287.
Khrushchev had only one question: Pravda, April 13, 1961, 2; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000, 432; Taubman, Khrushchev, 490a"491; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Krizisy i Rakety, vol. 2, 100a"101.
Yes, Korolyov declared: exulted to: Taubman, Khrushchev, 491; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Krizisy i Rakety, vol. 2, 100a"101; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 432a"433.
The Soviet leader ordered: Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006, 346. (At a Presidium meeting in June 1961, Khrushchev discussed the problem of collapsing balconies. See stenographic account, June 16, 1961, TsK KPSS); Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 433a"434.
From atop the Lenin: Taubman, Khrushchev, 492.
Kennedy had told Brandt: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 10; JFKL, Memcon, Meeting Kennedya"Brandt at White House, Washington, March 13, 1961, 3a"3:40 p.m., Subject: Germany and Berlin, National Security Files (NSF), Germany, Confidential, drafted by Foy Kohler and approved by the White House on March 23, 1961.
Brandt joined the list: Ibid.; Briefing Paper for meeting, transmitted by Rusk to the President on March 10, 1961, in Department of State, Central Files, 762.00/3a"1061; Memcon, Brandta"Rusk covering similar topics, March 14, 1961, in Department of State, Central Files, 762.0221/3-1461. For Brandtas account of his conversation with the president and visit to Washington, see w.i.l.l.y Brandt, Begegnungen und Einsichten, Die Jahre 1960a"1975. Hamburg: Hoffmann u. Campe, 1976, 17a"18, 80a"83.
Brandt had used his forty minutes: w.i.l.l.y Brandt, Begegnungen mit Kennedy. Munich: Kindler, 1964, 49a"45.
Brandt was relieved: Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, New York Times, Christian Science Monitor, 03/14/1961.
A month later, Kennedyas conversations: FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 17.
Adenauer delivered an elderly manas: New York Times, 2/17/1961.
Kennedy said he was concerned: FRUS, at 9. Memorandum of Conversation/1/Washington, March 10, 1961; Source: JFKL, NSF, Germany, Confidential, drafted by Kohler and approved by the White House on March 20; ibid., Doc. 10: Memcon, Washington, March 13, 1961, 3a"3:40 p.m.; Bundesarchiv, Kabinettsprotokolle Online a1. Deutsche Manahmen zur Entlastung der US Zahlungsbilanza retrieved from communiqu: Williams, Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany, 490; FRUS, 1969a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969a"1962, Doc. 9, 10; Konrad Adenauer, Erinnerungen 1959a"1963. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1968, 91a"97.
The correspondent of the German magazine: Der Spiegel, 04/12/1961, 04/19/1961.
At the end of the visit: Christian Science Monitor, 04/14/1961.
Little noticed was Adenaueras: Washington Post, 04/14/1961.
Johnsonas central Texas: Christian Science Monitor, 04/17/1961.
When Adenauer visited: Poppinga, aDas Wichtigste ist der Muta: Konrad Adenauer, 297.
With star German reporters: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer, vol. 1, 519.
On their drive to the airport: Poppinga, aDas Wichtigste ist der Muta: Konrad Adenauer, 297; Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer, vol. 1, 519a"520.
With Adenauer safely back: aThe Presidency: Interlude,a Time, 04/28/1961; Sidey, JFK, 131; Peter Wyden, Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979, 269a"270.
Two days earlier, eight B-26 bombers: Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 184a"185; Howard Jones, The Bay of Pigs. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, 76a"77, 100a"102; also see for chronology of events: National Security Archive, aThe Bay of Pigsa"40 Years After,a April 15a"18, 1961: ~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html.
Castroas fighters sank: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. X, Cuba, 1961a"1962, Doc. 109, 119; The National Security Archive, aThe Bay of Pigsa"40 Years After,a April 15a"18, 1961.
Most of the military bra.s.s: Jones, The Bay of Pigs, 76a"77, 96; Most important at the meeting: JFKL, Richard M. Bissell OH; JFKL, POF, Bundy to JFK, February 25, 1961, Staff Memoranda, Box 62; Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995, 237, 240; aNation: When Itas in the News, Itas in Troublea and aCuba: The Ma.s.sacre,a Time, 04/28/1961; Lawrence Freedman, Kennedyas Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, 124a"126; Harris Wofford, Of Kennedys and Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1980, 362.
Now working for Kennedy: Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 139; Richard M. Bissell, Jonathan E. Lewis, and Frances T. Pudlo. Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996, 190.