11. PACER. (Front.) ESSA-QUETA.
12. PACER. (Side.) ESSA-QUETA.
Was the acknowledged leader of the Apaches in the Indian Territory, and at the same time friendly to the whites. He and his squaw are now both dead.
13. PACER"S SQUAW. (Front.) ESSA-QUETA.
14. PACER"S SQUAW. (Side.) ESSA-QUETA.
451. KLE-ZHEH. JICARILLA.
449. GUACHINITO. _One who Dresses in Indian Clothes._ JICARILLA.
753, 442. GUERITO. _The Man with Yellow Hair._ JICARILLA.
A young chief of the Jicarilla Apaches, and a son of old Guero, their princ.i.p.al chief. This tribe is intermarried with the Utes, and has always been on friendly terms with them. Young Guerito was sent to Washington in 1873, joining the Ute delegation, for the purpose of effecting some treaty whereby these Apaches might have set apart for them a piece of land of their own to cultivate, as now they roam on Ute land and have no home they can call their own. He is a relative of Ouray, the great chief of the Utes, and through the latter"s influence some such arrangement was effected. Guerito is a quiet and peaceable young man, a representative of his tribe, who prefer farming, and shrink from all wars against either Indians or white men.
444. SON OF GUERITO. JICARILLA.
443, 5, 6, 8. YOUNG BRAVES. JICARILLA.
447. Pah-yeh, or _Hosea Martin_. JICARILLA.
18. SON OF VICENTI. JICARILLA.
125. PEDRO SCRADILICTO. (Front.) COYOTERO.
126. PEDRO SCRADILICTO. (Side.) COYOTERO.
127. ES-CHA-PA. _The One-eyed._ (Front.) COYOTERO.
652. ES-CHA-PA. _The One-eyed._ (Side.) COYOTERO.
414. JOSe POCATI. (Front.) YUMA.
415. JOSe POCATI. (Side.) YUMA.
749. CHARLIE ARRIWAWA. (Front.) MOHAVE.
750. CHARLIE ARRIWAWA. (Side.) MOHAVE.
872-3. GROUPS comprising all the above included within the Nos. 853-871.
2. NAVAJOS.
A very numerous band of the Apache Nation inhabiting the mountains and plateaus of Arizona and New Mexico, between the San Juan and Little Colorado Rivers, ever since our first knowledge of them. The Spaniards early recognized their relation to the Apaches, although they differ totally from them in their industrious habits, being by far the most civilized of any tribe of Athabascan descent. They have evidently been quick to take advantage of their contact with the semi-civilized Pueblos and Moquis, and from them have acquired many useful arts--chiefly in learning to spin and weave. Their blankets, woven in looms, are of great excellence, and frequently bring from $25 to $100. They cultivate the soil extensively, raising large quant.i.ties of corn, squashes, melons, &c. Colonel Baker, in 1859, estimated their farms at 20,000 acres, evidently too large an estimate, as their agent"s report for 1875 places the cultivated lands at only 6,000 acres. Their princ.i.p.al wealth, however, is in horses, sheep, and goats, having acquired them at an early day and fostered their growth, so that they now count their horses by the thousand, and their sheep by hundreds of thousands.
Notwithstanding the excellence of their manufactures, their houses are rude affairs, called by the Spaniards _jackals_, and by themselves _hogans_--small conical huts of poles, covered with branches, and in winter with earth. Like the Apaches, they have made incessant war on the Mexicans, who have made many unsuccessful attempts to subjugate them.
The expeditions against them on the part of the United States by Doniphan in 1846, Wilkes in 1847, Newby in 1848, and Washington in 1849, were practically failures. Colonel Sumner established Fort Defiance in 1851, but was forced to retreat, and all other attempts to subdue them were defeated until the winter campaign in 1863, when Colonel Carson compelled them to remove to the Bosque Redondo, on the Pecos River, where 7,000 were held prisoners by the Government for several years. In 1868 a treaty was made with them under which they were removed to Fort Wingate, and the following year back to their old home around Fort Defiance and the canon De Ch.e.l.ly, where a reservation of 5,200 square miles was a.s.signed them. The latest count puts their number at 11,768--3,000 of whom are said to come directly under the civilizing influences of the agency. Schools are not well established yet, but few of their children attending, and then very irregularly. Although they produce largely, yet they are dependent upon the Government for two-thirds of their subsistence. They dress well, chiefly in materials of their own make, and covering the whole body.
_List of ill.u.s.trations._
1027. MANULITO.
The great war-chief of the Navajos. Has been engaged in many combats, and his breast shows the scars of a number of wounds received in battle; was in command of the Indians during their siege of Fort Defiance.
1028. JUANITA.
The favorite one of five wives of Manulito, the chief.
1029. MANULITO SEGUNDO.
Son of Manulito and Juanita.
1030. CAYATANITA.
A brother of Manulito"s, and captain of a band of warriors.
1031. BARBAS HUERO. _Light Beard._
Chief councillor of the tribe, and an earnest advocate of a settled peace policy.
1032. CABRA NEGRA.
A captain, and a sub-chief.
1033. NARBONA PRIMERO.
A sub-chief, noted as being a consistent total abstinence advocate, and who exerts himself to save his tribe from the curse of intemperance.
1034. CARNERO MUCHO. A captain of a band.
{ GRANADA MUCHO. A captain of a band.
1035. { TIENE-SU-SE. Third war-chief.
{ MARIANA. Second war-chief.
1038. JUANITA AND GOV. ARNY. Showing Navajo blanket and weaving implements.
1036. GROUP of the preceding, members of a delegation to Washington in 1874.
786. BARBAN CITO. _Little Beard._
452-5. Miscellaneous men and boys.
III. DAKOTAS.