27 "This crime is as logically and legitimately": "This crime is as logically and legitimately": Cleveland Herald Cleveland Herald, July 3, 1881.
28 "when a child": Quoted in Chidsey, "when a child": Quoted in Chidsey, The Gentleman from New York The Gentleman from New York, 354.
29 "Men go around with clenched teeth": Quoted in Ackerman, "Men go around with clenched teeth": Quoted in Ackerman, Dark Horse Dark Horse, 385.
30 In a New York prison, two inmates: In a New York prison, two inmates: New York Times New York Times, September 16, 1881.
31 "While there is no intimation": "Thunderbolt at Albany," "While there is no intimation": "Thunderbolt at Albany," New York Times New York Times, July 3, 1881.
32 "that the ex-Senator had asked": "The Scenes Up Town," "that the ex-Senator had asked": "The Scenes Up Town," New York Times New York Times, July 5, 1881.
33 "Gens: We will hang": Platt, "Gens: We will hang": Platt, The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt, 163.
Chapter 16: Neither Death nor Life
1 As his train pulled into the station: Bell to Mabel Bell, July 17, 1881, Bell Family Papers. As his train pulled into the station: Bell to Mabel Bell, July 17, 1881, Bell Family Papers.
2 "Everywhere people go about": "A Cloud Upon the Holiday," "Everywhere people go about": "A Cloud Upon the Holiday," New York Times New York Times, July 3, 1881.
3 Even the Fourth of July celebrations: Celebrations had also been canceled in nearly every other city in the nation. Even the Fourth of July celebrations: Celebrations had also been canceled in nearly every other city in the nation.
4 "Men looked eagerly to the flag-pole": "The Events of Yesterday," "Men looked eagerly to the flag-pole": "The Events of Yesterday," New York Times New York Times, July 5, 1881.
5 "down upon the Executive Mansion": Ibid. "down upon the Executive Mansion": Ibid.
6 "To Mrs. Garfield, a slight token": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 17, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "To Mrs. Garfield, a slight token": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 17, 1881, Bell Family Papers.
7 Although his temperature had fallen slightly: Doctors" notes, July 14, 1881, National Museum of Health and Medicine. Although his temperature had fallen slightly: Doctors" notes, July 14, 1881, National Museum of Health and Medicine.
8 "severe lancinating": Ibid., July 3, 1881. "severe lancinating": Ibid., July 3, 1881.
9 "tiger"s claws": "At the Patient"s Bedside," "tiger"s claws": "At the Patient"s Bedside," New York Times New York Times, July 5, 1881.
10 More difficult for Garfield to deny: Doctors" notes, July 4, 1881, National Museum of Health and Medicine. More difficult for Garfield to deny: Doctors" notes, July 4, 1881, National Museum of Health and Medicine.
11 Garfield had for years suffered: Garfield, Garfield had for years suffered: Garfield, Diary Diary, June 15July 19, 1875, 3:85.
12 Finally, a doctor told him: Ibid., May 24, 1875, 3:85. Finally, a doctor told him: Ibid., May 24, 1875, 3:85.
13 Garfield had avoided such drastic: Peskin, Garfield had avoided such drastic: Peskin, Garfield Garfield, 433.
14 He received a wide variety of rich foods: Bliss"s notes, 11, National Museum of Health and Medicine. He received a wide variety of rich foods: Bliss"s notes, 11, National Museum of Health and Medicine.
15 "He was nauseated": Quoted in Clark, "He was nauseated": Quoted in Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 89.
16 "No sick or injured person": Gaw, "No sick or injured person": Gaw, A Time to Heal A Time to Heal, 8.
17 "Patients, no matter how critical": Ibid. "Patients, no matter how critical": Ibid.
18 The structure had been built into sloping ground: Seale, The structure had been built into sloping ground: Seale, The President"s House The President"s House, 536.
19 "packed with vermin": Clark, "packed with vermin": Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 80.
20 "sanitary requirements of a safe dwelling": "Condition of the White House," "sanitary requirements of a safe dwelling": "Condition of the White House," New York Times New York Times, September 7, 1881.
21 The plumbing system had been built: Seale, The plumbing system had been built: Seale, The President"s House The President"s House, 536.
22 "pest house": Feis, "pest house": Feis, Mollie Garfield in the White House Mollie Garfield in the White House, 74.
23 "The old White House is unfit": Quoted in Clark, "The old White House is unfit": Quoted in Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 80.
24 "notoriously unhealthy": Hoogenboom, "notoriously unhealthy": Hoogenboom, Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes, 469.
25 "greatly influenced by the miasma": Reyburn, "greatly influenced by the miasma": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 578.
26 Four servants in the White House: Mackenzie, Four servants in the White House: Mackenzie, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 236.
27 In a desperate effort to ward off malaria : Paulson, "Death of a President and His a.s.sa.s.sin," 83; Deppisch, "Homeopathic Medicine and Presidential Health," 3. In a desperate effort to ward off malaria : Paulson, "Death of a President and His a.s.sa.s.sin," 83; Deppisch, "Homeopathic Medicine and Presidential Health," 3.
28 "You can"t imagine anything so vile": Harriet S. Blaine and Beale, "You can"t imagine anything so vile": Harriet S. Blaine and Beale, Letters of Mrs. James G. Blaine Letters of Mrs. James G. Blaine, 229.
29 "Scarcely a breath of air": "Another Weary Night Watch," "Scarcely a breath of air": "Another Weary Night Watch," New York Times New York Times, July 6, 1881.
30 "Sitting to day on my piazza": Stephen Upson to Lucretia Garfield, July 3, 1881. "Sitting to day on my piazza": Stephen Upson to Lucretia Garfield, July 3, 1881.
31 Others suggested hanging sheets: Letters to Lucretia Garfield, Library of Congress, Garfield papers. Others suggested hanging sheets: Letters to Lucretia Garfield, Library of Congress, Garfield papers.
32 Finally, a corps of engineers: Finally, a corps of engineers: Reports of Officers of the Navy: Ventilating and Cooling of Executive Mansion Reports of Officers of the Navy: Ventilating and Cooling of Executive Mansion, 4. Nine years later, Willis Haviland Carrier designed the first system for controlling not only temperature, but also humidity.
33 In the president"s office: Telegram from Joseph Stanley Brown to R. J. Jennings, the owner of a company in Baltimore that had a cooling device, quoted in Clark, In the president"s office: Telegram from Joseph Stanley Brown to R. J. Jennings, the owner of a company in Baltimore that had a cooling device, quoted in Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 83.
34 Although the system worked: Seale, Although the system worked: Seale, The President"s House The President"s House, 52324. "They found some kind of compressed air machine," Garfield"s fourteen-year-old daughter, Mollie, complained in her diary, "& it made a horrible noise when it became full of air." James A. Garfield Papers, Library of Congress.
35 "cool, dry, and ample": Seale, "cool, dry, and ample": Seale, The President"s House The President"s House, 524.
36 "wonderfully patient sufferer": Paulson, "Death of a President and His a.s.sa.s.sin," 79. "wonderfully patient sufferer": Paulson, "Death of a President and His a.s.sa.s.sin," 79.
37 "never approached him": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield"s Illness," 301. "never approached him": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield"s Illness," 301.
38 "Thank you, gentlemen": Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon," "Thank you, gentlemen": Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon," Century Magazine Century Magazine, 437.
39 "witty, and quick at repartee": Ibid. "witty, and quick at repartee": Ibid.
40 "The vein of his conversation": "A Great Nation in Grief," "The vein of his conversation": "A Great Nation in Grief," New York Times New York Times, July 3, 1881.
41 "I do not believe that": "At the Patient"s Bedside," "I do not believe that": "At the Patient"s Bedside," New York Times New York Times, July 5, 1881.
42 Although Garfield rarely mentioned: Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon," Although Garfield rarely mentioned: Rockwell, "From Mentor to Elberon," Century Magazine Century Magazine.
43 "What motive do you think": "A Great Nation in Grief," "What motive do you think": "A Great Nation in Grief," New York Times New York Times, July 3, 1881.
Chapter 17: One Nation
1 "You were not made free merely": "Colored Men Visit Garfield," "You were not made free merely": "Colored Men Visit Garfield," New York Times New York Times, October 21, 1880.
2 "the high privilege and sacred duty": Garfield, "the high privilege and sacred duty": Garfield, Inaugural Address Inaugural Address, March 4, 1881.
3 "give the South, as rapidly as possible": De Santis, "President Garfield and the "Solid South,"" 449. "give the South, as rapidly as possible": De Santis, "President Garfield and the "Solid South,"" 449.
4 "felt, as they had not felt before": "Southern Sympathy," "felt, as they had not felt before": "Southern Sympathy," New York Times New York Times, July 20, 1881.
5 "united, as if by magic": Bundy, "united, as if by magic": Bundy, The Nation"s Hero, in Memoriam The Nation"s Hero, in Memoriam, 24243.
6 "the whole Nation kin": "Jefferson Davis on Guiteau"s Crime," "the whole Nation kin": "Jefferson Davis on Guiteau"s Crime," New York Times New York Times, July 16, 1881.
7 "I felt lighthearted and merry": "I felt lighthearted and merry": United States v. Guiteau United States v. Guiteau, 601.
8 "His vanity is literally nauseating": Hayes and Hayes, "His vanity is literally nauseating": Hayes and Hayes, A Complete History A Complete History, 4056.
9 "He spoke with deliberation": Ibid. "He spoke with deliberation": Ibid.
10 "He objected strenuously": Ibid., 406. "He objected strenuously": Ibid., 406.
11 "I want you to be sure": Ibid., 499. "I want you to be sure": Ibid., 499.
12 "I don"t want to appear strained": Quoted in Ackerman, "I don"t want to appear strained": Quoted in Ackerman, Dark Horse Dark Horse, 406.
13 Before returning to his cell: Clark, Before returning to his cell: Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 65.
14 He believed that he would be released: Rosenberg, He believed that he would be released: Rosenberg, The Trial of the a.s.sa.s.sin Guiteau The Trial of the a.s.sa.s.sin Guiteau, p. 46.
15 "by the hundreds": Clark, "by the hundreds": Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 91.
16 "a conviction would shock the public": "a conviction would shock the public": United States v. Guiteau United States v. Guiteau, 2246.
17 So carefree was Guiteau: Rosenberg, So carefree was Guiteau: Rosenberg, The Trial of the a.s.sa.s.sin Guiteau The Trial of the a.s.sa.s.sin Guiteau, 45.
18 "I am looking for a wife": Hayes and Hayes, "I am looking for a wife": Hayes and Hayes, A Complete History A Complete History, 451.
19 "For twenty years, I have had an idea": Hayes and Hayes, "For twenty years, I have had an idea": Hayes and Hayes, A Complete History A Complete History,452.
20 He was in contact with everyone: Mackenzie, He was in contact with everyone: Mackenzie, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 235.
21 "Alec says he telegraphed": Mabel Bell to her mother, July 20, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "Alec says he telegraphed": Mabel Bell to her mother, July 20, 1881, Bell Family Papers.
22 At this point in his experiments: Bell, At this point in his experiments: Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 15.
23 He had adjusted the coils" size: Ibid., 811. He had adjusted the coils" size: Ibid., 811.
24 Most important, he had decided to borrow: Ibid., 5. Most important, he had decided to borrow: Ibid., 5.
25 Bell and Tainter had already begun testing: Mackenzie, Bell and Tainter had already begun testing: Mackenzie, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell,236.
26 Seven years earlier, while working: Bruce, Seven years earlier, while working: Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 121.
27 "more nearly approximate": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 17, 1881, Bell Family Papers; Mackenzie, "more nearly approximate": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 17, 1881, Bell Family Papers; Mackenzie, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 236.
28 On July 20, as promised: Bell, "Volta Lab Notes," July 19, 1881. On July 20, as promised: Bell, "Volta Lab Notes," July 19, 1881.
29 Bliss, who had brought for the inventor: Clark, Bliss, who had brought for the inventor: Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 86. The bullets are in the collection of the National Museum of American History.
30 "Ball can certainly be located": Bell, "Volta Lab Notes," July 9, 1881. "Ball can certainly be located": Bell, "Volta Lab Notes," July 9, 1881.
31 "If people would only make their bullets": Bell, "If people would only make their bullets": Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments,46.
32 In its earliest form, the induction balance: Ibid., 7, 11. In its earliest form, the induction balance: Ibid., 7, 11.
33 Always a serious young man: Grosvenor and Wesson, Always a serious young man: Grosvenor and Wesson, Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell, 62.
34 The Volta Laboratory, moreover, was far: Gray, The Volta Laboratory, moreover, was far: Gray, Reluctant Genius Reluctant Genius, 217.
35 So unhealthy was the laboratory: Mabel Bell to Eliza Bell, June 23, 1881, Bell Family Papers. So unhealthy was the laboratory: Mabel Bell to Eliza Bell, June 23, 1881, Bell Family Papers.
36 "headache has taken root": Bruce, "headache has taken root": Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 201.
37 "Alec says he would rather die": Mabel Bell to Eliza Bell, June 23, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "Alec says he would rather die": Mabel Bell to Eliza Bell, June 23, 1881, Bell Family Papers.
38 "epistolary silence": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "epistolary silence": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 26, 1881, Bell Family Papers.
39 "Alec says he is well and bearing": Mabel Bell to her mother, July 20, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "Alec says he is well and bearing": Mabel Bell to her mother, July 20, 1881, Bell Family Papers.
40 "I want to know how you are personally": Mabel Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, July 16, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "I want to know how you are personally": Mabel Bell to Alexander Graham Bell, July 16, 1881, Bell Family Papers.
Chapter 18: "Keep Heart"
1 "I hope the dangers are nearly pa.s.sed": Lucretia Garfield to Mrs. Logan, July 14, 1881. "I hope the dangers are nearly pa.s.sed": Lucretia Garfield to Mrs. Logan, July 14, 1881.