[>] "If attacked on some vulnerable": Hubbard, "Dept. of Govt. Affairs," HCO Policy Letter, August 15, 1960.
[>] "To take over absolutely": Hubbard, CS-G "Confidential: Intelligence Actions, Covert Intelligence, Data Collection," December 2, 1969.
[>] "safeguard Scientology orgs": Hubbard, "The Guardian," HCO Policy Letter, March 1, 1966.
[>] "riots and disaffection": Order of the Day, November 18, 1970. Hubbard accused Time"s medical and health editor of being a member of the World Federation of Mental Health, and also went on, in this issue, to accuse much of the American press of being Communist.
5. Travels with the Commodore The primary sources for this chapter were Jeff Hawkins, Neville Chamberlin, Alan Walter, Mike Henderson, Glenn Samuels, Gerry Armstrong, Gale Irwin, DeDe Reisdorf, and Karen Gregory, who provided personal recollections of life in the Sea Org and aboard the Apollo. For a less personal view of Hubbard"s years at sea, I turned to Miller"s Barefaced Messiah and Atack"s A Piece of Blue Sky, as well as to L. Ron Hubbard"s policy statements and bulletins issued in the 1960s and 1970s, his book Mission into Time, and several other Scientology publications.
I gleaned a fuller understanding of the Xenu and OT 3 myth through discussions with J. Gordon Melton at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and through lengthy conversations with Jeff Hawkins, Chris Many, and several other former members, as well as with Mike Rinder. James Lewis"s book Scientology also offered an excellent scholarly perspective.
For insight into Scientology"s marketing strategy, I relied upon Scientology"s "sales bible," Surefire Sales Closing Techniques (Parker Publishing Company, 1971), and L. Ron Hubbard"s compilation of sales-related bulletins, contained in the Church of Scientology"s "Hard Sell Reference Pack." I also had the good fortune to have access to a trove of Scientology ads, circulars, brochures, and other written material made available to me primarily through the J. Gordon Melton Collection at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
[>] a three-story, 3,278-ton behemoth: Hubbard, Modern Management Technology Defined (referred to as "The Admin Dictionary"), p. 25; Cooper, The Scandal of Scientology, p. 51.
[>] "aristocracy of Scientology": Flag Order 137, The Sea Organization, September 12, 1967.
[>] "My crew were sixteen men": Sunday Mirror, December 24, 1967, as cited in Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 174.
[>] "My first thought was, this": Miller, Barefaced Messiah, p. 283.
[>] "Don"t explain. Penetrate": Hubbard, "Dissemination Tips," HCO Bulletin, September 15, 1959.
[>] a technique he"d picked up: Hubbard was particularly captivated by so-called super-salesman Les Dane, whose 1971 book, Surefire Sales Closing Techniques, became required reading for all Scientology registrars and other sales staff. Included in the book are instructions on how to use applied psychology when dealing with customers and how to "tag team" or "double team" a prospective buyer, which is a common tactic used in Scientology organizations, particularly with reluctant prospects.
[>] "more or less in a hypnotic daze": Hubbard, HCO Policy Letter, September 26, 1979.
[>] "We have learned the hard way": Hubbard, "Handling the Public Individual," HCO Policy Letter, April 16, 1965.
[>] In 1967 when Jeff joined: The Auditor, numbers 24 and 25, 1967.
[>] Four years later, that number: There were forty-three Scientology organizations worldwide in 1971. The Auditor, number 69, 1971.
[>] "The supreme test of a thetan": Hubbard, "The Supreme Test," HCO Bulletin, August 19, 1967.
[>] "MAKE MONEY. MAKE MORE MONEY": Hubbard, "Income Flows and Pools: Principles of Money Management," HCO Policy Letter, March 9, 1972.
[>] in contrast to other gurus: "Sect Recalled as "Bad Dream"; Bhagwan"s Deserted Buildings in Oregon Sold to Another Church," Washington Post, June 27, 1987; "Rolls-Royce Guru Who Set Up Commune in Oregon Is Dead at 58," a.s.sociated Press, January 19, 1990.
[>] the Religious Research Foundation: Bill Driver, "Scientology on Trial," Willamette Week, May 30June 5, 1985; Robert Lindsey, "Scientology Chief Got Millions, Aides Say,"New York Times, July 11, 1984.
[>] "It was fraud": New York Times, July 11, 1984.
[>] "Hubbard"s noting that human souls": "Aspects of Scientology"s Founding Myth," cited in James R. Lewis, Scientology, p. 375.
[>] Hubbard"s announcing OT 3: Interview with Neville Chamberlin.
[>] "help Ron clear the planet": This phrase, cited in the "Foster Report," part of a 1970 report on Scientology and Dianetics by Professor John A. Lee in Ontario, Canada (Sectarian Healers and Hypnotherapy, e-book chapter 4 at www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/lee.html), is also present in numerous Scientology publications of the time, and was told to me by many former members.
[>] "just a shade above Clear": Certainty magazine, volume 5, number 10.
[>] The Scientology magazine: Advance, December 1974, March 1975, and May 1975.
[>] "What would Ron do?": Hubbard, "Post, Handling of," HCO Policy Letter, September 12, 1967. Hubbard encouraged his followers to think this way. In this policy letter, he stated that every Scientology staff member was wearing the Founder"s "administrative hat" at their post.
[>] He"d been a racecar driver: Miller, Barefaced Messiah, pp. 27980.
[>] He"d sailed with the Carthaginian: Hubbard, Mission into Time, p. 33.
[>] had served as a tax collector: Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 178.
[>] troves of gold and jewels: Hubbard, Mission into Time, p. 59. Neither the crew of the Enchanter nor of the other two ships ever found any treasure-though many would swear they found evidence of ancient temples and other ruins that Hubbard promised would be there. "Ron would make little clay models for us," explained one of Hubbard"s most dedicated followers, Yvonne Gilham, in 1968, after returning from a five-week voyage through the Sicilian Channel, which Hubbard dubbed the Mission into Time. In Hubbard"s clay renderings-he"d also occasionally draw pictures, Gilham said-he would depict, for example, a set of hills, where on one side, he said, would be a temple. "Sure enough we"d go over and there would be two hills and there on the left would be the temple. Then he"d say, "On the hill, there will be a tower." And we"d go along and, sure enough, there would be the tower. We just followed the models and followed his drawings and we"d hit the target. It was like that all the time."
[>] "I am literally petrified": Letter to J. Edgar Hoover, February 13, 1973, FBI File #264, names redacted.
[>] "If your parents or friends": Hubbard, "Order of the Day," distributed to the Apollo staff, May 2, 1969. Provided to author by a former Sea Org member.
[>] "The red chair to us": Miller, Barefaced Messiah, p. 320.
[>] "emissaries of the Commodore": "Commodore"s Messengers," Flag Order 3729, September 15, 1978.
[>] One Trinidadian newspaper: Robert Gillette, "Scientology Flagship Shrouded in Mystery," Los Angeles Times, August 28, 1978.
6. Over the Rainbow To understand the intricacies of the Operation Snow White case, and the government response, I relied upon court doc.u.ments, primarily the transcript of the government"s 1979 case, United States v. Mary Sue Hubbard et al., 493 F. Supp. 209; United States v. Mary Sue Hubbard et al., Stipulation of Evidence for Criminal Case No. 78401; United States v. Mary Sue Hubbard et al., Sentencing Memorandum for Criminal Case No. 78401; and United States of America v. Jane Kember, Morris Budlong aka Mo Budlong, Sentencing Memorandum in Criminal Case 78401 (2) & (3). I also found great insight and detail in Atack"s A Piece of Blue Sky, which was supplemented by reporting on the raid and subsequent legal battle in theWashington Post and the Los Angeles Times, notably Robert W. Welkos and Joel Sappell, "Burglaries and Lies Paved a Path to Prison" (Los Angeles Times, June 24, 1990).
For the personal recollections pertaining to Operation Snow White and other Guardian"s Office intelligence operations, I interviewed Nancy Many, Gerry Armstrong, several former members of the Guardian"s Office who wished to remain anonymous, and the author Paulette Cooper, who provided tremendous personal insight. I also referred to Cooper"s journal and other writings pertaining to her hara.s.sment under Operation Freakout.
With regard to Hubbard"s years at the Winter Headquarters ranch and in hiding in Sparks, I relied primarily on interviews with former Messengers Gale Irwin, DeDe Reisdorf, and Julie Holloway, and former Sea Org members Sinar Parman and Dan Koon.
[>] "If Hubbard screamed": Terry Colvin, "L. Ron Hubbard Likened to Howard Hughes," Riverside PressEnterprise (Riverside, CA, April 14, 1980), B-1.
[>] "A truly Suppressive Person": Hubbard, "Suppressive Acts-Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists-the Fair Game Law," HCO Policy Letter, December 23, 1965.
[>] "may be deprived of property": Hubbard, HCO Policy Letter, October 18, 1967.
[>] "fanatical Scientologist": Atack, A Pierce of Blue Sky, p. 221.