Jane Austen, Her Life and Letters.
by William Austen-Leigh and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh.
PREFACE
Since 1870-1, when J. E. Austen Leigh[1] published his _Memoir of Jane Austen_, considerable additions have been made to the stock of information available for her biographers. Of these fresh sources of knowledge the set of letters from Jane to Ca.s.sandra, edited by Lord Brabourne, has been by far the most important. These letters are invaluable as _memoires pour servir_; although they cover only the comparatively rare periods when the two sisters were separated, and although Ca.s.sandra purposely destroyed many of the letters likely to prove the most interesting, from a distaste for publicity.
Some further correspondence, and many incidents in the careers of two of her brothers, may be read in _Jane Austen"s Sailor Brothers_, by J. H.
Hubback and Edith C. Hubback; while Miss Constance Hill has been able to add several family traditions to the interesting topographical information embodied in her _Jane Austen: Her Homes and Her Friends_.
Nor ought we to forget the careful research shown in other biographies of the author, especially that by Mr. Oscar Fay Adams.
During the last few years, we have been fortunate enough to be able to add to this store; and every existing MS. or tradition preserved by the family, of which we have any knowledge, has been placed at our disposal.
It seemed, therefore, to us that the time had come when a more complete chronological account of the novelist"s life might be laid before the public, whose interest in Jane Austen (as we readily acknowledge) has shown no signs of diminishing, either in England or in America.
The _Memoir_ must always remain the one firsthand account of her, resting on the authority of a nephew who knew her intimately and that of his two sisters. We could not compete with its vivid personal recollections; and the last thing we should wish to do, even were it possible, would be to supersede it. We believe, however, that it needs to be supplemented, not only because so much additional material has been brought to light since its publication, but also because the account given of their aunt by her nephew and nieces could be given only from their own point of view, while the incidents and characters fall into a somewhat different perspective if the whole is seen from a greater distance. Their knowledge of their aunt was during the last portion of her life, and they knew her best of all in her last year, when her health was failing and she was living in much seclusion; and they were not likely to be the recipients of her inmost confidences on the events and sentiments of her youth.
Hence the emotional and romantic side of her nature--a very real one--has not been dwelt upon. No doubt the Austens were, as a family, unwilling to show their deeper feelings, and the sad end of Jane"s one romance would naturally tend to intensify this dislike of expression; but the feeling was there, and it finally found utterance in her latest work, when, through Anne Elliot, she claimed for women the right of "loving longest when existence or when hope is gone."
Then, again, her nephew and nieces hardly knew how much she had gone into society, or how much, with a certain characteristic aloofness, she had enjoyed it. Bath, either when she was the guest of her uncle and aunt or when she was a resident; London, with her brother Henry and his wife, and the rather miscellaneous society which they enjoyed; G.o.dmersham, with her brother Edward and his county neighbours in East Kent;--these had all given her many opportunities of studying the particular types which she blended into her own creations.
A third point is the uneventful nature of the author"s life, which, as we think, has been a good deal exaggerated. Quiet it certainly was; but the quiet life of a member of a large family in the England of that date was compatible with a good deal of stirring incident, happening, if not to herself, at all events to those who were nearest to her, and who commanded her deepest sympathies.
We hope therefore that our narrative, with all its imperfections and its inevitable repet.i.tion of much that has already been published, will at least be of use in removing misconceptions, in laying some new facts before the reader, and in placing others in a fresh light. It is intended as a narrative, and not as a piece of literary criticism; for we should not care to embark upon the latter in compet.i.tion with biographers and essayists who have a better claim to be heard.
Both in the plan and in the execution of our work we have received much valuable help from another member of the family, Mary A. Austen Leigh.[2]
An arrangement courteously made by the owners of the copyright has procured for us a free and ample use of the Letters as edited by Lord Brabourne[3]; while the kindness of Mr. J. G. Nicholson of Castlefield House, Sturton-by-Scawby, Lincolnshire, has opened a completely new source of information in the letters which pa.s.sed between the Austens and their kinsmen of the half-blood--Walters of Kent and afterwards of Lincolnshire. Miss Jane Austen, granddaughter of Admiral Charles Austen, and Miss Margaret Bellas, great-granddaughter of James Austen, are so good as to allow us to make a fuller use of their family doc.u.ments than was found possible by the author of the _Memoir_; while Mr. J. H.
Hubback permits us to draw freely upon the _Sailor Brothers_, and Captain E. L. Austen, R.N., upon his MSS. Finally, we owe to Admiral Ernest Rice kind permission to have the photograph taken, from which the reproduction of his Zoffany portrait is made into a frontispiece for this volume. We hope that any other friends who have helped us will accept this general expression of our grat.i.tude.
W. A. L.
R. A. A. L.
_April 1913._
In the notes to the text, the following works are referred to under the shortened forms here given:--
_Memoir of Jane Austen_, by her nephew, J. E.
Austen Leigh: quoted from second edition, 1871. As _Memoir_.
_Letters of Jane Austen_, edited by Edward Lord Brabourne, 1884. As _Brabourne_.
_Jane Austen"s Sailor Brothers_, by J. H. Hubback and Edith C. Hubback, 1906. As _Sailor Brothers_.
_Jane Austen: Her Homes and her Friends_ Constance Hill, 1902. As _Miss Hill_.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Father of one of the present writers, and grandfather of the other.
[2] Daughter of the author of the _Memoir_.
[3] It has not, however, been possible to consult the originals except in the instance of the letters from Jane to Anna Lefroy.
JANE AUSTEN
CHAPTER I
AUSTENS AND LEIGHS
1600-1764
At the end of the sixteenth century there was living at Horsmonden--a small village in the Weald of Kent--a certain John Austen. From his will it is evident that he was a man of considerable means, owning property in Kent and Suss.e.x and elsewhere; he also held a lease of certain lands from Sir Henry Whetenhall, including in all probability the manor house of Broadford in Horsmonden. What wealth he had was doubtless derived from the clothing trade; for Hasted[4] instances the Austens, together with the Bathursts, Courthopes, and others, as some of the ancient families of that part "now of large estate and genteel rank in life,"
but sprung from ancestors who had used the great staple manufacture of clothing. He adds that these clothiers "were usually called the Gray Coats of Kent, and were a body so numerous that at County Elections whoever had their vote and interest was almost certain of being elected."
John Austen died in 1620, leaving a large family.[5] Of these, the fifth son, Francis, who died in 1687, describes himself in his will as a clothier, of Grovehurst; this place being, like Broadford, a pretty timbered house of moderate size near the picturesque old village of Horsmonden. Both houses still belong to the Austen family. Francis left a son, John, whose son was another John. This last John settled at Broadford (while his father remained at Grovehurst), and, when quite young, married Elizabeth Weller. He seems to have been a careless, easy-going man, who thought frugality unnecessary, as he would succeed to the estate on his father"s death; but he died of consumption in 1704, a year before that event took place. One of his sisters married into the family of the Stringers (neighbours engaged in the same trade as the Austens), and numbered among her descendants the Knights of G.o.dmersham--a circ.u.mstance which exercised an important influence over the subsequent fortunes of the Austen family.
Elizabeth Weller, a woman happily cast in a different mould from her husband, was an ancestress of Jane Austen who deserves commemoration.
Thrifty, energetic, a careful mother, and a prudent housewife, she managed, though receiving only grudging a.s.sistance from the Austen family, to pay off her husband"s debts, and to give to all her younger children a decent education at a school at Sevenoaks; the eldest boy (the future squire) being taken off her hands by his grandfather.[6]
Elizabeth left behind her not only elaborately kept accounts but also a minute description of her actions through many years and of the motives which governed them. It may be interesting to quote one sentence relating to her move from Horsmonden to Sevenoaks for the sake of her children"s education. "These considerations with y^{e} tho"ts of having my own boys in y^{e} house, with a good master (as all represented him to be) were y^{e} inducements that brought me to Sen"nock, for it seemed to me as if I cou"d not do a better thing for my children"s good, their education being my great care, and indeed all I think I was capable of doing for "em, for I always tho"t if they had learning, they might get better shift in y^{e} world, with w^{t} small fortune was alloted "em."
When the good mother died in 1721, her work was done. Schooldays were over, the daughter married, and the boys already making their way in the world.
The young squire and his son held gentle sway at Broadford through the eighteenth century; but much more stirring and able was the next brother, Francis. He became a solicitor. Setting up at Sevenoaks "with eight hundred pounds and a bundle of pens," he contrived to ama.s.s a very large fortune, living most hospitably, and yet buying up all the valuable land round the town which he could secure, and enlarging his means by marrying two wealthy wives. But his first marriage did not take place till he was nearer fifty than forty; and he had as a bachelor been a most generous benefactor to the sons of his two next brothers, Thomas and William.
His second wife, who became in due course of time G.o.dmother to her great-niece, Jane Austen, was the widow of Samuel Lennard, of West Wickham, who left her his estate. Legal proceedings ensued over the will, and Mrs. Lennard took counsel of Francis Austen, who ended by winning both the case and her hand. Francis"s son by his first wife (known as Motley Austen) rounded off the family estate at Sevenoaks by purchasing the Kippington property. Motley"s third son, John, eventually inherited the Broadford estate. Francis"s two most distinguished descendants were Colonel Thomas Austen of Kippington, well known as M.P.
for Kent, and the Rev. John Thomas Austen, senior wrangler in 1817.
Both the two next brothers of Francis Austen adopted the medical profession. Thomas, an apothecary at Tonbridge, had an only son, Henry, who graduated at Cambridge, and, through his uncle"s interest, held the living of West Wickham for twenty years. His descendants on the female side are still flourishing.
William, the surgeon, Jane Austen"s grandfather, is more immediately interesting to us. He married Rebecca, daughter of Sir George Hampson, a physician of Gloucester, and widow of another medical man, James Walter.
By her first husband she had a son, William Hampson Walter, born in 1721; by her second she had three daughters, and one son, George, born in 1731. Philadelphia--the only daughter who grew up and married--we shall meet with later. Rebecca Austen died in 1733, and three years later William married Susanna Holk, of whom nothing is known except that she died at an advanced age, and did not mention any of the Austens in her will; neither is there any trace of her in any of the family records with which we are acquainted; so it is hardly probable that little George Austen (Jane"s father), who had lost both his parents when he was six years old, continued under the care of his stepmother. However, all that we know of his childhood is that his uncle Francis befriended him, and sent him to Tonbridge School, and that from Tonbridge he obtained a Scholarship (and subsequently a Fellowship) at St. John"s College, Oxford--the College at which, later on, through George"s own marriage, his descendants were to be "founder"s kin." He returned to teach at his old school, occupying the post of second master there in 1758, and in the next year he was again in residence at Oxford, where his good looks gained for him the name of "the handsome proctor." In 1760 he took Orders, and in 1761 was presented by Mr. Knight of G.o.dmersham--who had married a descendant of his great-aunt, Jane Stringer--to the living of Steventon, near Overton in Hampshire. It was a time of laxity in the Church, and George Austen (though he afterwards became an excellent parish-priest) does not seem to have resided or done duty at Steventon before the year 1764, when his marriage to Ca.s.sandra Leigh must have made the rectory appear a desirable home to which to bring his bride.
Before we say anything of the Leighs, a few sentences must be devoted to George Austen"s relations of the half-blood--the Walters. With his mother"s son by her first husband, William Hampson Walter, he remained on intimate terms. A good many letters are extant which pa.s.sed between the Austens and the Walters during the early married life of the former, the last of them containing the news of the birth of Jane. Besides this, William Walter"s daughter, "Phila," was a constant correspondent of George Austen"s niece Eliza.
The Walter family settled in Lincolnshire, where they have held Church preferment, and have also been well known in the world of sport. Phila"s brother James seems to have been at the same time an exemplary parson, beloved by his flock, and also a sort of "Jack Russell," and is said to have met his death in the hunting-field, by falling into a snow-drift, at the age of eighty-four. His son Henry distinguished himself in a more academical manner. He was second wrangler in 1806, and a Fellow of St.
John"s. Nor was he only a mathematician; for in June 1813 Jane Austen met a young man named Wilkes, an undergraduate of St. John"s, who spoke very highly of Walter as a scholar; he said he was considered the best cla.s.sic at Cambridge. She adds: "How such a report would have interested my father!" Henry Walter was at one time tutor at Haileybury, and was also a beneficed clergyman. He was known at Court; indeed, it is said that, while he declined higher preferment for himself, he was consulted by George IV and William IV on the selection of bishops.
The wife that George Austen chose belonged to the somewhat large clan of the Leighs of Adlestrop in Gloucestershire, of which family the Leighs[7] of Stoneleigh were a younger branch. Her father was the Rev.
Thomas Leigh, elected Fellow of All Souls at so early an age that he was ever after called "Chick Leigh," and afterwards Rector of Harpsden, near Henley.