Lavengro.
by George Borrow.
INTRODUCTION
There have been many Romany Ryes, or "Gypsy Gentlemen," as Gypsies designate those who, though not of their race, yet have loved that race, and have mastered the Romany tongue. The first is one of the oddest--Andrew Boorde (_c._ 1490-1549). Carthusian, traveller, physician, and, perhaps, the original Merry Andrew, he got into trouble over certain delinquencies, and died a prisoner in the Fleet gaol. In 1542 he was writing his _Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge_, and had come to "the x.x.xviii. chapiter," which "treateth of Egypt, and of theyr money and of theyr speche." He started bravely:--
"Egipt is a countrey ioyned to Jury, The countrey is plentyfull of wine, corne and hony.
"There be many great wyldernes, in the which be many great wylde beastes. In ye which wildernis liuid many holy fathers, as it apperith in vitas patrum. The people--"
But here, I fancy, he suddenly broke off; what did he know of the Egyptian people? Greece was the nearest he had ever been to Egypt.
Going, however, for a stroll through his native county of Suss.e.x, he presently lights on a band of "right Egyptians," belike in front of an alehouse. Egyptians! the very thing! Like any newspaper correspondent of to-day, he must straightway have whipped out his notebook, and jotted down the rest of his chapter:--
"The people of the country be swarte, and doth go disgisid in theyr apparel, contrary to other nacions. They be lyght fyngerd and vse pyking, they have litle maner and euyl loggyng, and yet they be pleasant daunsers. Ther be few or none of the Egypcions yt doth dwel in Egipt, for Egipt is repleted now with infydel alyons. Ther mony is bra.s.se and golde. Yf there be any man yt wyl learne parte of theyr speche, Englyshe and Egipt speche foloweth."
And there duly follows a neat little Ollendorfian dialogue about meat and bread, wine and beer, and such-like, in which Dr. Furnivall, Boorde"s editor, left it for Professor Zupitza to recognise excellent Romany. "Sit you downe and dryncke," "Drinke, drynke for G.o.d"s sake," are two of the phrases. The interview was probably prolonged, perhaps renewed; Andrew Boorde would find good fellowship with Gypsies.
No. 2 is _the_ Scholar-Gypsy, of whom, alas! we know all too little, neither name nor dates, but only just what Joseph Glanvill tells in his _Vanity of Dogmatizing_ (1661):--
"There was very lately a Lad in the _University_ of _Oxford_, who being of very pregnant and ready parts, and yet wanting the encouragement of preferment, was by his poverty forc"d to leave his studies there, and to cast himself upon the wide world for a livelyhood. Now, his necessities growing dayly on him and wanting the help of friends to relieve him, he was at last forced to joyn himself to a company of _Vagabond Gypsies_, whom occasionly he met with, and to follow their Trade for a maintenance. Among these extravagant people, by the insinuating subtilty of his carriage, he quickly got so much of their love and esteem, as that they discover"d to him their _Mystery_: in the practice of which, by the pregnancy of his wit and parts, he soon grew so good and proficient as to be able to out-do his Instructours. After he had been a pretty while well exercis"d in the Trade, there chanc"d to ride by a couple of _Scholars_ who had formerly bin of his acquaintance. The _Scholars_ had quickly spyed out their old friend among the _Gypsies_, and their amazement to see him among such society had well-nigh discover"d him: but by a sign he prevented their owning him before that Crew: and taking one of them aside privately, desired him with his friend to go to an _Inn_, not far distant thence, promising there to come to them. They accordingly went thither, and he follows: after their first salutations, his friends enquire how he came to lead so odd a life as that was, and to joyn himself with such a _cheating beggerly_ company. The _Scholar- Gypsy_ having given them an account of the necessity which drove him to that kind of life, told them that the people he went with were not such _Impostouirs_ as they were taken for, but that they had a _traditional_ kind of _learning_ among them, and could do wonders by the power of _Imagination_, and that himself had learnt much of their Art, and improved it further then themselves could. And to evince the truth of what he told them, he said, he"d remove into another room, leaving them to discourse together, and upon his return tell them the sum of what they had talked of: which accordingly he perform"d, giving them a full account of what had pa.s.sed between them in his absence.
The _Scholars_ being amaz"d at so unexpected a discovery, earnestly desir"d him to unriddle the _mystery_. In which he gave them satisfaction, by telling them, that what he did was by the power of _Imagination_, his Phancy _binding_ theirs, and that himself had dictated to them the discourse they held together, while he was from them: That there were warrantable wayes of heightening the _Imagination_ to that pitch as to bind anothers, and that when he had compa.s.s"d the whole _secret_, some parts of which he said he was yet ignorant of, he intended to leave their company, and give the world an account of what he had learned."
The third of our Romany Ryes is a Scottish peer and a Jacobite, George Seton, fifth Earl of Wintoun (1679-1749). He as a young man quarrelled with his father, and, taking up with a band of Gypsies who frequented the Seton property, set off with them on their wanderings over Scotland, England, and the Continent. He seems to have been away from June 1700 until November 1707: and when, by his father"s death in 1704, he succeeded to the earldom, "no man knew where to find him, till accident led to the discovery." The Rev. Robert Patten, the Judas and the historian of the "15, records how, on the rebels" march from Kelso to Preston, Lord Wintoun would tell "many pleasant Stories of his Travels and his living unknown and obscurely with a Blacksmith in France, whom he served some years as a Bellows-blower and Under-Servant. He was," Patten adds, "very curious in working in several Handicraft Matters, and had made good Proficiency in them, witness the nice way he had found to cut asunder one of the Iron Bars in his Window in the Tower, by some small Instrument, scarce perceivable." It was on 4th August 1716 that Lord Wintoun made his escape, but, like everything else in his life, it is wrapped in obscurity. For, according to the Diary of Mary Countess Cowper for 19th March 1716, the last day of his trial, "My Lord _Winton_ had sawed an iron Bar with the Spring of his Watch very near in two, in order to make his Escape; but it was found out." So, possibly, there is something in the story told by the author of _Rab and his Friends_, that he was carried out of the Tower in a hamper, supposed to be full of family charters, by John Gunn, "the head of a band of roving gipsies."
Anyhow, ever afterwards he lived at Rome, where in 1737 he was great master of the Lodge of Freemasonry. He died unmarried, though Lady Cowper alleges "he has eight Wives."
Charles Bosvile, the scion of a good old Yorkshire house, is another who must have known much about the Gypsies. He was buried at Rossington, near Doncaster, on 30th January 1709; and more than a hundred years later the Gypsies would visit the churchyard, and pour out a flagon of ale on his grave by the chancel door. Joseph Hunter, the historian of South Yorkshire, tells how he had
"established a species of sovereignty among that singular people, the Gypsies, who before the enclosures frequented the moors round Rossington. His word with them was law, and his authority so great that he perfectly restrained the pilfering propensities for which the tribe is censured, and gained the entire good-will for himself and his subjects of the farmers and people around. He was a gentleman with an estate of about 200_l._ a year; and his contemporary, Abraham de la Pryme of Hatfield, describes him as "a mad spark, mighty fine and brisk, keeping company with a great many gentlemen, knights, and esquires, yet running about the country.""
Bamfylde Moore Carew (1693-? 1770), the son of the rector of Bickleigh, near Tiverton, is semi-mythical, though we know that a man of that name did really marry at Stoke Damerel, near Plymouth, one Mary Gray on 29th December 1733. Gray is an old Gypsy surname, but the Gypsies of his _Life and Adventures_ are just as unreal as those of any melodrama or penny dreadful.
The poet-physician, John Armstrong (_c._ 1709-78), was at college at Edinburgh with Mr. Lawrie, who in 1767 was minister of Hawick; and "one year, during the vacation, they joined a band of gipsies, who in those days much infested the Borders." So says "Jupiter" Carlyle in his Autobiography; and he adds that "this expedition, which really took place, as Armstrong informed me in London, furnished Lawrie with a fine field for fiction and rhodomontade, so closely united to the groundwork, which might be true, that it was impossible to discompound them."
The fourth Lord Coleraine, better known as Colonel George Hanger (_c._ 1751-1824), was a wild, harum-scarum Irishman. According to the Hon.
Grantley Berkeley"s _My Life and Recollections_, "in one of his early rambles he joined a gang of gipsies, fell in love with one of their dark- eyed beauties, and married her according to the rites of the tribe. He had entered the footguards in 1771, and used to introduce his brother- officers to his dusky bride, boasting his confidence in her fidelity. His married life went on pleasantly for about a fortnight, at the end of which his confidence and his bliss were destroyed together, on ascertaining to his intense disgust that his gipsy inamorata had eloped with a bandy-legged tinker."
Very unlike the Colonel was the mythologist, Jacob Bryant (1715-1804). We know the little man, with his thirteen spaniels, through Madame D"Arblay"s Diaries; she often visited Cypenham, his house near Windsor.
It must have been in his garden here that he collected his materials for the paper "On the Zingara or Gypsey Language," which he read to the Royal Society in 1785. For "_covascorook_, laurel," is intelligible only by supposing him to have pointed to a laurel, and asked, "What is this?" and by the Gypsy"s answering in words that mean "This is a tree." There are a number of similar slips in the vocabulary, as _sauvee_, an eagle (rightly, a needle), _porcherie_, bra.s.s (a halfpenny, a copper), _plastomingree_, couch (coach), and _baurobevalacochenos_, storm. This last word posed the etymological skill of even Prof. Pott in his great work on _Die Zigeuner_, but he hazards the conjecture that _cochenos_ may be akin to the Greek [Greek text]; really the whole may be dismembered into _bauro_, great, _baval_, wind, and the English "a-catching us."
Still, Bryant"s is not at all a bad vocabulary.
Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton (1803-73), tells in a fragment of autobiography how at twenty-one he met a pretty Gypsy girl at sunset, was guided by her to the tents, and "spent with these swarthy wanderers five or six very happy days." He committed his money, fourteen pounds in all, to the care of the Gypsy grandmother, the queen of the camp, who "was faithful to the customs of the primitive gipsies, and would eat nothing in the shape of animal food that had not died a natural death"! Mimy, the Gypsy girl, and he make pa.s.sionate love, till at last she proposes "marriage for five years by breaking a piece of burnt earth." But the stars and the Gypsy brethren forbid the banns, so they part eternally. It is all the silliest moonshine, the most impossible Gypsies: no, Bulwer Lytton deserves no place among the real Romany Ryes.
Of these a whole host remain. Francis Irvine, a lieutenant in the Bengal Native Infantry, on the outward-bound voyage (1805) to India on board the _Preston_ East Indiaman, took down a vocabulary of one hundred and thirty Romany words from John Lee, a Gypsy recruit for the Company"s European force. No other case is known to me of a Gypsy revisiting the land of his forefathers. John Hoyland (1750-1831), a Yorkshire Quaker, in 1814 began to study "the very dest.i.tute and abject condition" of the Midland Gypsies, and wrote _A Historical Survey of the Customs_, _Habits_, _and Present State of the Gypsies_ (York, 1816). He is said to "have fallen in love with a black-eyed gipsy girl," but it does not appear that he married her. Which is a pity; a Gypsy Quakeress would be a charming fancy. That poor thing, John Clare, the Peasant-Poet (1793-1864), is said to have "joined some gipsies for a time" before 1817; and Richard Bright, M.D. (1789-1858), famous as the investigator of "Bright"s disease," must have known much of Gypsies both abroad and at home, to be able to write his _Travels through Lower Hungary_ (1818). James Crabb (1774-1851), Wesleyan minister at Southampton, and Samuel Roberts (1763- 1848), Sheffield manufacturer, both wrote books on the Gypsies, but were Gypsy philanthropists rather than Romany Ryes. Still, Roberts had a very fair knowledge of the language, and at seventy-seven "longed to be a gypsy, and enter a house no more." Colonel John Staples Harriot during his "residence in North Hampshire in the years 1819-20 was led to pay considerable attention to a race of vagrant men, roaming about the high- roads and lanes in the vicinity of Whitchurch, Waltham, and Overton"; in December 1829 he read before the Royal Asiatic Society an excellent Romany vocabulary of over four hundred words.
These were Borrow"s chief predecessors, but the list could be largely extended by making it include such names as those of Sir John Popham (1531-1607), Lord Chief-Justice of England; Sir William Sinclair, Lord Justice-General of Scotland from 1559; Mr. William Sympsoune, a great Scottish doctor of medicine towards the close of the sixteenth century; the Countess of Ca.s.sillis (1643), who did _not_ elope with Johnnie Faa; Richard Head (_c._ 1637-86), the author of _The English Rogue_; William Marsden (1754-1836), the Orientalist; John Wilson ("Christopher North,"
1785-1854); the Rev. John Baird, minister of Yetholm 1829-61; G. P. R.
James (1801-60), the novelist; and Sam Bough (1822-78), the landscape- painter. And after Borrow come many; the following are but a few of them:--John Phillip, R.A., Tom Taylor, the Rev. T. W. Norwood, George S.
Phillips ("January Searle"), Charles Kingsley, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, Mr. Charles G.o.dfrey Leland ("Hans Breitmann"), Prof. Edward Henry Palmer, Sir Richard Burton, Bath C. Smart, M.D., of Manchester, Mr. H. T.
Crofton, Major Whyte-Melville, Mr. Joseph Lucas, the Rev. R. N.
Sanderson, Dr. D. Fearon Ranking, Mr. David MacRitchie, Mr. G. R. Sims, Mr. George Meredith, Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton, "F. W. Carew, M.D," and Mr. John Sampson.
Thus, leaving aside all the foreign Romany Ryes, from the great engraver Jacques Callot to the present Polish novelist Sienkiewicz, we see that Borrow was not quite so _sui generis_ as he claimed for himself, and as others have often claimed for him. The meagreness of his knowledge of the Anglo-Gypsy dialect came out in his _Word-Book of the Romany_ (1874); there must have been over a dozen Englishmen who have known it far better than he. For his Spanish-Gypsy vocabulary in _The Zincali_ he certainly drew largely either on Richard Bright"s _Travels through Lower Hungary_ or on Bright"s Spanish authority, whatever that may have been. His knowledge of the strange history of the Gypsies was very elementary, of their manners almost more so, and of their folk-lore practically _nil_.
And yet I would put George Borrow above every other writer on the Gypsies. In _Lavengro_ and, to a less degree, in its sequel, _The Romany Rye_, he communicates a subtle insight into Gypsydom that is totally wanting in the works--mainly philological--of Pott, Liebich, Paspati, Miklosich, and their confreres. Take his first meeting with Gypsies in the green lane near Norman Cross. There are flaws in it: he never would have spoken of the Gypsy beldame as "my mother there," nor could he possibly have guessed that the Romany _sap_ means "snake." Yet compare it with Maggie Tulliver"s Gypsy adventure in _The Mill on the Floss_: how vivid and vigorous the one, how tame and commonplace the other. I am not going to dilate on the beauties of _Lavengro_; they seem to me sufficiently self-evident. But there is one point about the book that deserves some considering, its credibility as autobiography. Professor Knapp, Borrow"s biographer, seems to place implicit confidence in _Lavengro_; I find myself unable to agree with him. Borrow may really have written the story of _Joseph Sell_ for a collection of Christmas tales; he may really have camped for some weeks as a tinker near Willenhall; "Belle Berners" may really have had some prototype; and he may really have bought the splendid horse of the Willenhall tavern-keeper, and sold it afterwards at Horncastle. But is the "Man in Black," then, also a reality, and the "Reverend Mr. Plat.i.tude," who thanks G.o.d that he has left all his Church of England prejudices in Italy? in other words, did Tractarianism exist in 1825, eight years before it was engendered by Keble"s sermon? David Haggart, again, the Scottish Jack Sheppard,--Borrow describes him as "a lad of some fifteen years," with "prodigious breadth of chest," and as defeating in single combat a full-grown baker"s apprentice. Borrow well may have seen him, for in July 1813 he really enlisted as a drummer in Borrow"s father"s regiment, newly quartered in Edinburgh Castle; but he was not fifteen then, only twelve years old. And the Jew pedlar scene in the first chapter, and the old apple-woman"s son in the sixty-second!
One might take equal exception to Borrow"s pretended visits to Iceland, Moultan, and Kiachta (he was never within three thousand miles of Kiachta); to his translation of St. Luke"s Gospel into Basque, of which he had only the merest smattering; and to his statement to a Cornish clergyman in 1854 that his "horrors" were due to the effects of Mrs.
Herne"s poison--he had suffered from them seven years before his Gypsy wanderings. But the strongest proof of his lax adherence to fact is adduced by Professor Knapp himself. In chapter xvi. of _Lavengro_, Borrow relates how in 1818, at Tombland Fair, Norwich, he doffed his hat to the great trotting stallion, Marshland Shales, "drew a deep _ah_! and repeated the words of the old fellows around, "Such a horse as this we shall never see again; a pity that he is so old."" Yes, but as Professor Knapp has found out, with his infinite painstaking, Marshland Shales (1802-35) was not thus paraded until 12th April 1827.
_Lavengro_ {0a} was written in 1843-50, years after the events recorded there. Several of its petty slips are probably due to sheer forgetfulness; _e.g._, as to the four "airts" of Edinburgh Castle, and the "lofty" town-walls of Berwick-upon-Tweed. And the rest, I imagine, were due partly to love of posing, but much more to an honest desire to produce an amusing and interesting book. Borrow was not writing a set autobiography, and it seems rather hard to imagine that he was, and then to come down on this or that inaccuracy. He did pose, though, all his life long, and in every one of his writings. He posed to poor old Esther Faa Blythe, the "queen" of the Yetholm Tinklers, when, on entering her little cottage, he "flung his arms up three times into the air, and in an exceedingly disagreeable voice exclaimed, "_Sossi your nav_?" etc."
(_Word-Book_, p. 314). He posed shamefully to Lieut.-Col. Elers Napier (Knapp, i. 308-312); and he posed even to me, a mere lad, when I saw him thrice in 1872-73, at Ascot, at his house in Hereford Square, and at the Notting-hill Potteries (_Bookman_, Feb. 1893, pp. 147-48). Yet, what books he has given us, the very best of them _Lavengro_; its fight with the Flaming Tinman is the finest fight in all the world"s literature.
_Lavengro_, nevertheless, met with a very sorry reception. It was not genteel enough for the readers of Disraeli and Bulwer Lytton; and it is only since Borrow"s death, on 26th July 1881, that it has won its due place of pre-eminence. "No man"s writing," says Mr. Watts-Dunton, "can take you into the country as Borrow"s can; it makes you feel the sunshine, smell the flowers, hear the lark sing and the gra.s.shopper chirp." They who would know Borrow thoroughly should pa.s.s from his own works to Mr. Watts-Dunton"s "Reminiscences of George Borrow" (_Athenaeum_, Sept. 3, 10, 1881), to his "Notes upon George Borrow" (_Lavengro_, Ward, Lock, Bowden, & Co., 1893), to Mr. William A. Dutt"s _George Borrow in East Anglia_ (1896), to Unpublished Letters of George Borrow, first printed in the _Bible Society Reporter_ from July 1899 onwards, and above all, to Professor William I. Knapp"s _Life_, _Writings_, _and Correspondence of George Borrow_ (2 vols. 1899).
AUTHOR"S PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
In the following pages I have endeavoured to describe a dream, partly of study, partly of adventure, in which will be found copious notices of books, and many descriptions of life and manners, some in a very unusual form.
The scenes of action lie in the British Islands;--pray be not displeased, gentle reader, if perchance thou hast imagined that I was about to conduct thee to distant lands, and didst promise thyself much instruction and entertainment from what I might tell thee of them. I do a.s.sure thee that thou hast no reason to be displeased, inasmuch as there are no countries in the world less known by the British than these selfsame British Islands, or where more strange things are every day occurring, whether in road or street, house or dingle.
The time embraces nearly the first quarter of the present century: this information again may, perhaps, be anything but agreeable to thee; it is a long time to revert to, but fret not thyself, many matters which at present much occupy the public mind originated in some degree towards the latter end of that period, and some of them will be treated of.
The princ.i.p.al actors in this dream, or drama, are, as you will have gathered from the t.i.tle-page, a Scholar, a Gypsy, and a Priest. Should you imagine that these three form one, permit me to a.s.sure you that you are very much mistaken. Should there be something of the Gypsy manifest in the Scholar, there is certainly nothing of the Priest. With respect to the Gypsy--decidedly the most entertaining character of the three--there is certainly nothing of the Scholar or the Priest in him; and as for the Priest, though there may be something in him both of scholarship and gypsyism, neither the Scholar nor the Gypsy would feel at all flattered by being confounded with him.
Many characters which may be called subordinate will be found, and it is probable that some of these characters will afford much more interest to the reader than those styled the princ.i.p.al. The favourites with the writer are a brave old soldier and his helpmate, an ancient gentlewoman who sold apples, and a strange kind of wandering man and his wife.
Amongst the many things attempted in this book is the encouragement of charity, and free and genial manners, and the exposure of humbug, of which there are various kinds, but of which the most perfidious, the most debasing, and the most cruel, is the humbug of the Priest.
Yet let no one think that irreligion is advocated in this book. With respect to religious tenets I wish to observe that I am a member of the Church of England, into whose communion I was baptized, and to which my forefathers belonged. Its being the religion in which I was baptized, and of my forefathers, would be a strong inducement to me to cling to it; for I do not happen to be one of those choice spirits "who turn from their banner when the battle bears strongly against it, and go over to the enemy," and who receive at first a hug and a "viva," and in the sequel contempt and spittle in the face; but my chief reason for belonging to it is, because, of all churches calling themselves Christian ones, I believe there is none so good, so well founded upon Scripture, or whose ministers are, upon the whole, so exemplary in their lives and conversation, so well read in the book from which they preach, or so versed in general learning, so useful in their immediate neighbourhoods, or so unwilling to persecute people of other denominations for matters of doctrine.
In the communion of this Church, and with the religious consolation of its ministers, I wish and hope to live and die, and in its and their defence will at all times be ready, if required, to speak, though humbly, and to fight, though feebly, against enemies, whether carnal or spiritual.
And is there no priestcraft in the Church of England? There is certainly, or rather there was, a modic.u.m of priestcraft in the Church of England, but I have generally found that those who are most vehement against the Church of England are chiefly dissatisfied with her, because there is only a modic.u.m of that article in her--were she stuffed to the very cupola with it, like a certain other Church, they would have much less to say against the Church of England.
By the other Church, I mean Rome. Its system was once prevalent in England, and, during the period that it prevailed there, was more prolific of debas.e.m.e.nt and crime than all other causes united. The people and the government at last becoming enlightened by means of the Scripture, spurned it from the island with disgust and horror, the land instantly after its disappearance becoming a fair field, in which arts, sciences, and all the amiable virtues flourished, instead of being a pestilent marsh where swine-like ignorance wallowed, and artful hypocrites, like so many Wills-o"-the-wisp, played antic gambols about, around, and above debased humanity.
But Popery still wished to play her old part, to regain her lost dominion, to reconvert the smiling land into the pestilential mora.s.s, where she could play again her old antics. From the period of the Reformation in England up to the present time, she has kept her emissaries here, individuals contemptible in intellect, it is true, but cat-like and gliding, who, at her bidding, have endeavoured as much as in their power has lain, to damp and stifle every genial, honest, loyal, and independent thought, and to reduce minds to such a state of dotage as would enable their old popish mother to do what she pleased with them.
And in every country, however enlightened, there are always minds inclined to grovelling superst.i.tion--minds fond of eating dust, and swallowing clay--minds never at rest, save when prostrate before some fellow in a surplice; and these popish emissaries found always some weak enough to bow down before them, astounded by their dreadful denunciations of eternal woe and d.a.m.nation to any who should refuse to believe their Romania; but they played a poor game--the law protected the servants of Scripture, and the priest with his beads seldom ventured to approach any but the remnant of those of the eikonolatry--representatives of worm-eaten houses, their debased dependants, and a few poor crazy creatures amongst the middle cla.s.ses--he played a poor game, and the labour was about to prove almost entirely in vain, when the English legislature, in compa.s.sion or contempt, or, yet more probably, influenced by that spirit of toleration and kindness which is so mixed up with Protestantism, removed almost entirely the disabilities under which Popery laboured, and enabled it to raise its head and to speak out almost without fear.
And it did raise its head, and, though it spoke with some little fear at first, soon discarded every relic of it; went about the land uttering its d.a.m.nation cry, gathering around it--and for doing so many thanks to it--the favourers of priestcraft who lurked within the walls of the Church of England; frightening with the loudness of its voice the weak, the timid, and the ailing; perpetrating, whenever it had an opportunity, that species of crime to which it has ever been most partial--_Deathbed robbery_; for as it is cruel, so is it dastardly. Yes, it went on enlisting, plundering, and uttering its terrible threats till . . . till it became, as it always does when left to itself, a fool, a very fool.
Its plunderings might have been overlooked, and so might its insolence, had it been common insolence, but it . . ., and then the roar of indignation which arose from outraged England against the viper, the frozen viper which it had permitted to warm itself upon its bosom.
But thanks, Popery, you have done all that the friends of enlightenment and religious liberty could wish; but if ever there were a set of foolish ones to be found under Heaven, surely it is the priestly rabble who came over from Rome to direct the grand movement--so long in its getting up.