Ole Bull.
by Sara C. Bull.
NOTE.
In preparing this memoir my aim has been to use incidents, criticisms, and tributes which brought out characteristic traits, as recognized by others as well as myself, and to supply only what was needed to make the sequence clear. Many poems and tributes, and much musical criticism, have been necessarily omitted for want of s.p.a.ce. So far as possible, writers have been credited when quoted, but I desire to make still further acknowledgment to Wergeland, Winter Hjelm, Goldschmidt, Mr.
Henry Norman, and Professor R. B. Anderson, who prepared a sketch of Norwegian history, which has been given in a more condensed form.
Ole Bull was in Sweden years ago when the "union mark" was adopted, for use in the Norwegian and Swedish flags. He would himself never float any but the pure Norwegian colors, and, from the first, was most earnest and p.r.o.nounced in his opinion that none but the naval and customs flags should have the union mark, as the two countries were politically united only in their relations to foreign powers. For years he was almost alone in this feeling, but the subject has recently given rise to much debate, and even heated controversy. I speak of this here, because a paragraph relating to the matter was omitted by mistake from the body of the book.
I cannot too warmly express my thanks for the help and encouragement given by friends. It is in especial recognition of the careful interest he has shown that I mention my obligation to Mr. Walter E. Colton. The admiration for his work and original research, united to a great personal regard and affection felt for him by my husband, made me desire to place in his hands the "Violin Notes," and it should be added that Mr. Colton has filled out the Note on the varnish, as he alone could have done. In Dr. Crosby"s unfinished paper the bow arm and hand were not treated, and the Tartini letter is added because Ole Bull considered it the best instruction ever offered for the use of the bow. Mr.
Fields"s tribute was sent from his sickroom, so constant and unfailing was he ever in his thought of others. Members of my husband"s family have given me anecdotes and helped to verify many incidents, and Mr.
Alexander Bull kindly placed at my disposal the correspondence of his parents. To Mrs. Botta I owe the beautiful drawing made for her by Mr.
Darley, at the time of Ole Bull"s first visit to the United States. The engraved portrait is by Mr. J. A. J. Wilc.o.x, from a photograph by Mora, taken in 1878. The ill.u.s.trations for the "Violin Notes," from photographs by Mora, have necessarily lost in the reproduction something of their original beauty of outline and form, but they serve well the purpose for which they are inserted.
To all whose friendly services are mentioned in these pages, and to many not named, I make my grateful acknowledgment; and also to Mr. W. J.
Rolfe, for kind a.s.sistance in seeing this memoir through the press.
SARA C. BULL.
OLE BULL.
A MEMOIR.
For Nature then To me was all in all. I cannot paint What then I was. The sounding cataract Haunted me like a pa.s.sion; the tall rock, The mountain, and the deep and gloomy wood, Their colors and their forms, were then to me An appet.i.te; a feeling and a love, That had no need of a remoter charm, By thought supplied, nor any interest Unborrow"d from the eye.
WORDSWORTH.
The quaint, picturesque old city of Bergen, surrounded by its "seven mountains," has been the birthplace of many famous Nors.e.m.e.n, among them Holberg and Welhaven, names that have a more than national repute. In no other city of the North has been preserved so much of the atmosphere of the olden time and history.
All who know Bergen think of its seven mountains as shrouded in mist most of the year; but where else can one find such brilliant, sunny summer days, such pure, sweet air, fragrant with the breath of field and _fjeld_? Or who can forget the harbor as seen from the deck of a vessel slowly gliding in of a summer evening, when every tint of sunset sky is caught and reflected by the sea and the rocky mountain tops, and it seems the entrance to an enchanted land?
Its climate, as Jonas Lie has said, ill.u.s.trates its folktype; doubtless because it has helped to form it. The people are animated, enthusiastic, and practical, a curious combination of the prosaic and ideal; and all this, it is claimed, has made the old town rich in men of genius. Her children have been loyal; and the old mother, with her thousand years"
history, has had no more devoted son than Ole Bull.
He was born February 5, 1810. His paternal grandmother, Gedsken Edvardine Storm, married to the apothecary and army surgeon, Ole Bornemann Bull, was sister to the poet, Edvard Storm. His father, Johan Storm Bull, like his father before him a physician and apothecary in Bergen, was an accomplished man, and a chemist of unusual ability. He had studied under Tromsdorf, and corresponded with the first German specialists of his day. His mother, Anna Dorothea Bull, was of the old Dutch family Geelmuyden. Her father, an able lawyer, died before the age of forty, leaving his widow with several children to rear alone; and of her four sons, two were captains in the army, one was a seacaptain, and one, "Uncle Jens," for some years a merchant, and afterwards the publisher of the city"s first newspaper, which is still owned by the family. The three leading professions were all represented by members of the Bull and Geelmuyden families. Johan Randulf Bull, the brother of Ole"s grandfather, had, beside other offices, filled that of governor of the Bergen _stift_, or diocese, and had been noted for his generous hospitality.
Ole Bull was the eldest of ten children, seven sons and three daughters, nine of whom lived to the age of maturity, and six of whom survive him.
He was sent early to the Latin school, as the children of gentlemen usually were at that time; but the promise he gave can be inferred from the advice of his old rector, Mr. Winding, some years after: "Take to your fiddle in earnest, boy, and don"t waste your time here."
Both of Ole"s parents, and several members of the family on the mother"s side, were musical. His father kept up the proverbial hospitality of the family, and no gatherings were more enjoyable than Uncle Jens"s Tuesday quartette evenings. Uncle Jens spent much time and money to gratify his pa.s.sion for music. On the quartette evenings Ole was several times discovered, by an involuntary movement, under the table or sofa, or behind a curtain, where, having crept from his bed, he had concealed himself for hours, only to be ignominiously sent back again, after a whipping for disobedience. But, stern as was the discipline of that day, an exception was after a time made in his favor, through the intercession of Uncle Jens. He thus became familiar, while very young, with the quartettes of Krummer, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, and, as he used to say, imbibed the rules of art unknowingly; for he did not conceive the music as produced by players, but as proceeding from the instruments played, jubilating, triumphing, quarreling, fighting, with a life of their own,-a conception arising, no doubt, partly from the tales his grandmother told him of the elves and gnomes, with which the popular myths peopled forest and mountain. When, in early childhood, playing alone in the meadow, he saw a delicate bluebell gently moving in the breeze, he fancied he heard the bell ring, and the gra.s.s accompany it with most enrapturing fine voices; _he fancied he heard nature sing_, and thus music revealed itself, or came to his consciousness as something that might be reproduced.
The influence which the popular music and mythology must have had upon a sensitive and imaginative child like Ole can hardly be understood by those who have been born and bred in England and America, where folksongs and folklore are now almost unknown. Mr. Goldschmidt, in an article on Ole Bull in "Macmillan"s Magazine," remarks:-
When, on my visits to England, I had been some time in London, in the eastern counties, in Surrey, in Kent, and in the Isle of Wight, it struck me that in my strolls through streets and lanes, highroads and woods, I had never heard the people sing. I certainly had heard, for instance, the black minstrels and such other bands; but I do not call that a singing of the people, but a more or less bad execution of individual compositions. The people"s song descends from the air; it rushes forth from the forests, the rivers, the mountains; it lives in tradition; it was never composed, never taught man by man. I remember when once, with a friend, pa.s.sing over Tower Hill, hearing a plaintive sound proceeding from a crowd. I asked him what was the matter, and on being told, "A ballad singer," I hastened to the spot to catch a musical sound, however coa.r.s.e, from the people of England. Alas, it was only a poor, starving woman crying out for bread, and in false rhythms offering printed ballads for sale. My thoughts reverted to the time when I visited Norway, and when, having crossed the Farn Tinn Lake and entered Vestfiorddal, Aagot, the daughter of my host, at dusk took down the _langeley_ and sang.
Oh, for those sweet, simple lays of love and feuds, fragrant with _nave_ faith in a mysterious destiny, that selects the best hearts, the loveliest girl, and the bravest lad for the greatest joy and the deepest pain! As for the strain, the music itself, if you were to ask Aagot who made it, she would not tell it to a stranger; but perhaps later, when you had won her confidence and made her trust you were no unbeliever, no "scorner of simple folks," she would tell you that her greatgrandmother had the melody from a man whose greatgrandfather had learnt it of the Fossekarl (the spirit of the waterfall), or from the Hulder, the mysterious, everyoung shepherdess, who had fallen in love with him! If, then, you asked Aagot whether she believed in the existence of Fossekarl and Hulder, she would answer, "The parson says such beings are not, but my grandmother knew a man who had seen them."
I have learnt from the papers that very superst.i.tious people are found in parts of England; so that, if superst.i.tion made music, you should be a singing people still. The question, however, is, Were you ever so? I feel a.s.sured you were; how else could your country have been called "Merry England"? But since that time more than two centuries have laid on you hard work and great cares; you have become an industrious, laborious people; you truly earn your bread in the sweat of your brow; the locomotive rattles on your rails, the steamengine pants in your factories, the steamhammer clangs. So when I see the people on a Sat.u.r.day night pouring forth from these workshops, and going to lay in their stock of provisions for Sunday, I fully understand that song has left them, and that their children have no leisure to learn the strains of their greatgrandmothers:-
"For they who kept us captives bade us sing; But how could we sing?"
In Norway, at present, steam draws a broad furrow across the land.
It whistles on the railroad; it plies on the lakes; it knocks thrice at the mountain, and the mountainking, opening his gate, admits the broad light of day, in which, according to the legends of old, he must die. Already the lovers of song complain of its retreat, and, following it to remote valleys, watch its dying lips to set it down in notes. But meanwhile a great representative of Nature"s music, of the people"s song, had gone forth to the wide world,-Ole Bull.
Uncle Jens played the violoncello well, and had a collection of instruments. He loved to amuse himself with little Ole"s extreme susceptibility to music. When he was three years old, Jens often put him in the violoncello case, and hired him with sweetmeats to stay there while he played. But the candy could not keep him quiet long. The eyes kindled, and the little feet began to beat time. At last his nervous excitement prevented his staying longer in the case. The music was dancing all through him, and he must give it utterance. Running home, he would seize the yardstick, and, with another small stick for a bow, endeavor to imitate what his uncle had played. He heard it with his inward ear; but, for fear his parents were not so pervaded with the tune as he was, he would explain as he went along, telling how beautifully the ba.s.s came in at such and such a place. Seeing the child play this rustic and soundless fiddle, his uncle bought him, when he was five years old, a violin "as yellow as a lemon." He used to tell, later, how he felt carried up to the third heaven when his own little hand first brought out a tune from that yellow violin. He loved it and kissed it; it seemed to him so beautiful, that little fiddle! To the surprise of the family, he played well on it from the first, though he had received no instruction. He would stand by his mother"s knee while she turned the screws, which would not yield to his little hand; and the tuning was not easily accomplished, since his ear made him very critical even at that age. His uncle taught him his notes at the same time that he was learning his primer.
His father would not permit him to play till study hours were over, and he could not practice regularly, but made the violin rather his recreation. Sometimes, however, he disobeyed, playing too much and missing his lessons, for which his back had to smart both in school and at home. It was a paternal rule that a whipping at school had to be repeated at home. Still he managed to get through his elementary studies, and when he reached the higher branches of knowledge he surprised everybody by his remarkable quickness and penetration. In mythology he had no peer in the school, and his imaginative, dreamy soul reveled in all the weird stories about Odin, Thor, Balder, Frey, and the whole race of G.o.ds, giants, norns, elves, and dwarfs that fill the old Valhalla of the Nors.e.m.e.n. He was never happier than when he could persuade his grandmothers to tell him strange ghost stories, and sing the wild songs of the peasantry. The creative and imaginative cast of his mind also gave him a profound sympathy with nature, and he was fortunate in having a home in the midst of grand scenery.
Prof. R. B. Anderson thus writes of Ole"s boyhood:-
I once asked Ole Bull what had inspired his weird and original melodies. His answer was that from his earliest childhood he had taken the profoundest delight in Norway"s natural scenery. He grew eloquent in his poetic description of the grand and picturesque flowerclad valleys, filled with soughing groves and singing birds; of the silvercrested mountains, from which the summer sun never departs; of the melodious brooks, babbling streams, and thundering rivers; of the blinking lakes that sink their deep thoughts to starlit skies; of the farpenetrating _fjords_ and the many thousand islands on the coast. He spoke with especial emphasis of the eagerness with which he had devoured all myths, folktales, ballads, and popular melodies; and all these things, he said, "have made my music." And we would emphasize the fact that these things made his music, not alone by their influence upon his mind, but also by the impression they had made upon several generations of his ancestors who had contemplated them.
Ole Bull"s ancestors have, on both sides, been people of culture and refinement for many generations. When we see a beautiful and thoughtful face, we do not always consider how much the ancestors of that man or woman must have suffered and labored and thought before that beauty and intelligence became possible.
It happened that the hospitality of Ole"s father was the means of bringing the boy his first teacher. Herr Paulsen was a Dane, a good artist, a man of solid musical acquirements and knowledge, who could play the fiddle "as long as there was a drop in the decanter before him." He chanced to meet Ole one day at the house of a more humble colleague, with whom he would condescend to take his schnapps, and began to visit the apothecary"s house, "to educate the little artist," as he said. And he would sit and play till he _had_ drained the last drop from the decanter, which the hospitality of the time could not deny him. So thoroughly had he enjoyed the social, and we may say convivial, life of Bergen-for the suppers were often more than social at that time-that he had delayed his return home from month to month, and stayed on indefinitely. When his clothes grew threadbare, his friends would give him a new suit and a benefit concert, from which he often received some hundreds of dollars.
Ole"s parents were not pleased with the neglect of his studies, caused by his fondness for the violin, and their intention of entirely forbidding him the instrument was hanging like a thundercloud above his head, when, on his eighth birthday, he gained a decisive victory.
One Tuesday evening Paulsen played, as usual, the first violin in Uncle Jens"s quartette. But when they left the suppertable he was hopelessly _hors de combat_. In this unfortunate dilemma goodnatured Uncle Jens shouted, "Now, Ole, you shall play in Paulsen"s stead! Come, my boy, do your best, and you shall have a stick of candy!" at the same time handing him Paulsen"s violin. The halfserious, halfjoking command Ole accepted in earnest. A quartette of Pleyel, which he had heard several times, was chosen, and his memory served him faithfully; to the astonishment of all, he played each movement correctly. He not only executed the difficult pa.s.sages, but marked the rests,-in short, gave it as an artist should.
This was his first triumph, with all its train of consequences. His delighted uncle immediately had him elected an active member of the Tuesday club, of whose performances he had before been but a clandestine and often ingeniously hidden listener; and, through his mother"s intercession, it was arranged that Paulsen should give him lessons regularly.
About this time a Frenchman arrived in Bergen with violins for sale. One of them, bright red in its color, gained the boy"s heart at first sight, and he pleaded with his father till he consented to buy it. It was purchased late in the afternoon, and put away in its case. Ole slept in a small bed in the same apartment with his parents, and the muchcoveted instrument was in the adjoining room. Ole Bull, telling this incident in later years, said,[1]-
[1] This story is given as written by Mrs. Lydia Maria Child, who heard Ole Bull tell it when he first came to the United States. Mrs. Child always preserved better than any one else his peculiar manner of narration.
I could not sleep for thinking of my new violin. When I heard father and mother breathing deep, I rose softly, and lighted a candle, and in my nightclothes did go on tiptoe to open the case, and take one little peep. The violin was so red, and the pretty pearl screws did smile at me so! I pinched the strings just a little with my fingers. It smiled at me ever more and more. I took up the bow and looked at it. It said to me it would be pleasant to try it across the strings. So I did try it, just a very, very little; and it did sing to me so sweetly! Then I did creep farther away from the bedroom. At first, I did play very soft. I make very, very little noise. But presently I did begin a capriccio which I like very much; and it do go ever louder and louder; and I forgot that it was midnight and that everybody was asleep.
Presently, I hear something go crack! and the next minute I feel my father"s whip across my shoulders. My little red violin dropped on the floor, and was broken. I weep much for it, but it did no good. They did have a doctor to it next day, but it never recovered its health.
The tears would always fill Ole Bull"s eyes when he spoke of this great childish sorrow.
The violin with which he now practiced was too large for him. When he placed it in the usual position for playing, it hurt his neck and fingers, and compelled him to hold his arm in the way which from that time became a habit with him. At ten years of age he could play pa.s.sages which his teacher found it impossible to perform; but nothing would come to him by the mechanical process. His genius positively refused to go into the straitjacket; and when father and teacher coaxed and scolded, the nervous child at last screamed with agony. This untamable freedom was his strongest characteristic. At school the confinement of four walls would sometimes become so oppressive that he would suddenly spring out of the window into G.o.d"s sunshine and air. His father often gave him permission to go to the woods of a holiday, and not seldom released him from the Sunday morning service, which was very tedious in the cold, dreary church with its close air, and where he must listen to the singing of the congregation so dreadfully out of tune to his ears.
He realized in later years how his father must have sympathized with him in relaxing, as he did, the discipline which was much more strict then than nowadays. An indication that his father was yielding to a recognition of his son"s determination to study music, was the fact that, on his ninth birthday, he presented him Fiorillo"s "Studies,"
which he had ordered from Copenhagen. During that year Waldemar Thrane, the violinist, visited Bergen, and Ole played one of the Studies for him.
We have heard from his own lips and from others that he was very fond of composing original melodies, and in these he took especial pains to imitate the voices of nature; the wind in the trees, the rustle of the leaves, the call of birds, the babble of brooks, the roar of waterfalls, and the weird sounds heard among his native mountains.
As a boy he became pa.s.sionately fond of Lysekloster, a large estate to the south of Bergen, which he visited with his father when he was eight years old. His brothers relate how his glowing descriptions would tempt them to start out with him to take the twentymile walk from Bergen to Lysekloster, and how, one after another, they would fall behind, while he would run the whole distance with but one or two stops. Lysekloster is, indeed, one of the most charming spots in all Norway, and to Ole Bull was "the loveliest on earth." In its n.o.ble forests and streams, its broad outlook upon sea and _fjords_ with their many islands, upon mountains and glaciers glittering in the distance, will be found Ole Bull"s weird music transformed into landscape. Lysekloster was the chief delight of his boyhood, his manhood, and his age. A rock, which he climbed when a boy to get a splendid view, is still pointed out by the peasants, who called it at that early day "Ole Bull"s Lookout."
Ole was exceedingly fond of beautiful c.o.c.ks, and when eight or nine years old, after he had played in public, while walking home carrying his violin in a gingham bag, he discovered one of the finest specimens he had ever seen, and was so fascinated and bewitched that in watching it he forgot himself, stumbled, and fell into the muddy gutter. But a kind lady had watched the boy with amus.e.m.e.nt from her window, and came to his rescue. She took him into her house, washed and dried the bag, gave him apples, and sent him home happy, telling him not to let the c.o.c.k lead him astray again. He adopted later for his crest a c.o.c.k with the motto, "Bellum vita, vita bellum."
Ole and his six brothers used to select seash.e.l.ls of different tones to blow upon, and under his direction they practiced until they produced some very musical and pleasant effects. At other times he and his brothers Jens and Randulf would improvise songs with accompaniments, taking turns in improvising and accompanying.