On the Seash.o.r.e.
by R. Cadwallader Smith.
LESSON I.
FIVE-FINGERED JACK.
What fun it is down by the sea at low tide! Scrambling among the slippery rocks, we quickly fill a bucket with curious things. Some are dead, others very much alive; but all have a story to tell us--the story of the life they lead on the bed of the sea, or among the sands and rocks of the sh.o.r.e.
Look, here is a Starfish! It is lying on the sand, left high and dry by the waves, for now the tide is low. The Starfish looks limp and lifeless, its five reddish-coloured "arms" are quite still.
We know it is an animal that lives in the sea, and dies when washed ash.o.r.e. But what does it do in the sea? How does it move without legs or fins? How can it live without a head? Has it a mouth? What does it eat, and how does it find its food?
Like so many other sea-animals, the Starfish is a puzzle. Some of its little tricks puzzled clever people until quite lately. But we know most of its secrets now.
Pa.s.s your finger down one of its arms, or rays. It feels rough, being covered with k.n.o.bs and p.r.i.c.kles. Now turn the Starfish over, and look carefully at its underside. In the centre, where the five arms meet, is the animal"s mouth. A harmless sort of mouth, you think, too small to be of much use. Really, it is a terrible mouth, the mouth of an ogre!
We notice a groove down the centre of each ray. But what are those little moving things which bend this way and that, as if feeling for something? Now that is exactly what they are doing. They are the feet of the Starfish. Each tiny foot is really a hollow tube, which can be pushed out or drawn in. At the tip of each is a powerful sucker, which acts rather like those leather suckers boys sometimes play with. Suppose the Starfish wishes to take a walk along the bed of the sea. First, it pushes out its tube-feet. Each sucker fixes itself to a stone or other object, and then the animal can draw its body along. You will see presently that the suckers can do other work too.
Our Starfish will die, however, unless we carry it to a pool. Before doing so, we must look at the tip of each ray for a small reddish spot.
That is the Starfish"s eye. Are those little eyes of much use in helping the creature to find its dinner? I think not. Most likely the Starfish _smells_ its way.
If we put the animal on its back in a rock-pool we shall see the tube-feet at work. Once in the water our Starfish revives, and makes efforts to right itself. Can it turn over and crawl away?
The little tube-feet come out of their holes and begin to bend about.
Now those near the edge of one "arm" feel the ground. Each tiny sucker at once takes hold, more and more of them touch the ground as the ray is turned right side up, and at last the Starfish turns over, and, slowly but surely, glides away.
[Ill.u.s.tration: COMMON FIVE-FINGERED STARFISH.]
Stones, sh.e.l.ls, or rocks do not stop it. The rays slide up and over them. If we had feet like those of the Starfish, a journey up the wall of a house, over the roof, and down again, would be nothing to us.
Nature gives all creatures the kind of foot which suits the life they lead. And it is hard to imagine feet more useful to the Starfish than those wonderful sucker-feet!
Ask any fisherman what he thinks of the "harmless" Starfish, and he will call it a pest and a nuisance. "It gets into the crab traps," he says, "and eats all the bait. And when we are line-fishing it sucks the bait off our hooks, and sometimes swallows hook and all." Small wonder that Five-fingers, or Five-fingered Jack, as it is called, has no friend among fisher-folk.
On pulling up a useless Starfish instead of a real fish, the fisherman tears the offender in half and throws the halves back into the waves. By doing this he harms himself more than the Starfish! Each half grows into a perfect Starfish with five rays complete. We can say that each part of this animal has a separate life, for each part can grow when torn away.
If you were asked to open an oyster you would need tools, would you not?
Even with an oyster-knife it is not always an easy job. The oyster, tight in his sh.e.l.ly fortress, seems safe from the attack of a weak Starfish. Yet the Starfish opens and eats oysters as part of its everyday life.
Finding a nice fat oyster, it sets to work. The Starfish folds its rays over its victim, with its mouth against the edge where the sh.e.l.ls meet.
The tug-of-war begins. The Starfish"s tube-feet try to pull the sh.e.l.ls apart; the oyster, with all its strength, tries to keep them shut. It is stronger than its enemy, and yet the steady pull of hundreds of suckers is more than it can stand, and the sh.e.l.ls, after a time, begin to gape a little.
Now a strange thing happens. The mouth of the Starfish opens into a kind of bag which slips between the oyster sh.e.l.ls. The Starfish, as it were, turns itself inside-out! It then eats the oyster and leaves the clean sh.e.l.l.
Mussels are smaller, so they are eaten in a different way. The Starfish merely presses the mussel into its mouth, cleans out the sh.e.l.ls, and throws them away. Were we not right to call this wonderful mouth the mouth of an ogre?
Oysters, as you know, are so valuable that we rear them in special "beds." Along comes the hungry Starfish, with thousands of its relations, finding the fat oysters very good eating. They do great damage in our oyster-fisheries, and it is one long battle between them and the keepers of the "beds."
Supporting the tough skin of Five-fingered Jack is a wonderful skeleton.
It is like a network of fine plates and rods made of lime. Perhaps you have seen one in a museum.
Five-fingers has a great number of cousins, some of them common enough along our sh.o.r.es. One of the strangest is the Brittle Star. On first seeing one of these animals I tried to capture it by holding its long, wriggling arms. At once the arms broke off. Then I tried to scoop the creature out of its watery home. But it began to break its "rays" off as if they were of no value whatever. To my surprise, the broken "rays"
broke again while wriggling on the ground. This is a strange habit, is it not? Perhaps the Brittle Star has found this dodge useful in escaping from enemies. Anyhow, the loss of an arm or two matters little, for others grow in their place.
Another cousin of the Starfish is the Sea-urchin, a round p.r.i.c.kly creature rather like the burr of the sweet-chestnut tree. This ma.s.s of p.r.i.c.kles is not a vegetable; he is very much alive. Nature has given many plants and animals these p.r.i.c.kles, like fixed bayonets, for a defence against their enemies. You will at once think of the gorse and the hedgehog, or urchin, as some people call it. Our little Sea-urchin has p.r.i.c.kles, like the hedgehog, but he is really unlike any other living creature, except, perhaps, the Starfish.
If you were to roll up a Starfish into a ball, and then stick about three thousand spines on the ball thus made, you would have a creature looking rather like a Sea-urchin.
Beneath the ma.s.s of spines there is a hard _test_ or sh.e.l.l, made of plates joined closely together; this is the skeleton of the Sea-urchin.
Sometimes you find this strange sh.e.l.l on the seash.o.r.e, rather dirty, and not always sweet-smelling. You might also find Sea-urchins half-dead, washed into the rock-pools. The sh.e.l.ls are wonderful objects, so you should clean them in fresh water; they are well worth the trouble of taking home.
All over the sh.e.l.l you will see little rounded k.n.o.bs. These show where the spines were fixed on; each spine fits into a hole in the sh.e.l.l, but so loosely that it is able to move about. The Sea-urchin can walk by moving its spines, tilting its body along from one place to another on the bed of the sea. It can do much more than that. Like its cousin the Starfish, it has numerous tube-feet, so you would not be surprised to see this p.r.i.c.kly ball walk up the face of a rock.
The tube-feet, or sucker-feet, are fixed to the sh.e.l.l in much the same way as the spines. They can be bent this way or that. If the Urchin is on a rock he clings tightly with these sucker-feet; then, if he wishes to move away, you will see the long thin tubes stretch out and bend about. They fix themselves to the rock, and the animal is drawn along.
[Ill.u.s.tration: TEST OR Sh.e.l.l OF A SEA-URCHIN.]
Besides these spines and suckers, the Sea-urchin owns another set of tools. Scattered over it, among the spines, are many tiny rods tipped with little teeth or pincers. You will not be able to see them, except under a magnifying gla.s.s. Of what use are these strange little pincers or rods? It is thought that the Urchin uses them in several ways. They may help in capturing small prey, or they may be used when the creature has to fight a larger enemy. They are also certainly of use as cleansing tools. That is to say, they can pick off tiny sc.r.a.ps of weed or dirt which settle on the animal"s body. Some Starfishes also own pincers of this sort, but they are not so perfect as those of the funny little Urchin. We must not forget that all these spines, tube-feet, and pincers are worked by a set of muscles.
In the centre of the Urchin"s sh.e.l.l is its mouth. The Starfish, we found, had a terrible mouth, but that of the Urchin is worse still. Not only is it of great size, but it is fitted with strong jaws and five long, sharp teeth, You may see them poking out from the mouth of the animal, and feel for yourself how hard they are.
There is a great deal more to know about Five-fingers; and the Sea-urchin still has his secrets which no one can explain. We have but glanced at their story in this lesson; but you can see that the Starfish, lying limp on the sands, is not so dull as it looks.
EXERCISES
1. Where is the mouth of the Starfish placed?
2. Describe how the Starfish moves.
3. How does the Starfish feed on the oyster?
4. Why is the _Brittle_ Star given that name?
5. How do the Starfish and Sea-urchin keep themselves clean?
LESSON II.
A STROLL BY THE SEA.
The sea and the land are always at war. When you are at the seaside, with spade and bucket to make "castles" and "pies" of the sand, you can see and hear the battle.
A wave comes rolling smoothly on towards the sh.o.r.e. It reaches the land and can go no further, and then, with a roar and a crash and splash of sparkling foam, it breaks. It spreads into a sheet of foaming water, and, after rushing as far as it can up the beach, it seethes back as the next wave takes up the battle.