Philippine Progress Prior to 1898.
by Various.
INTRODUCTION
Need of more study of Philippine Economic Development.
The Spanish writers, and with them the Filipinos as well as, to a great extent, writers of Philippine treatises in other languages, have over-emphasized the political history of the Philippines. The history of this country has been regarded but as the history of the Spaniards in it, and not of its people, the Filipinos. [1] Hence arises the need of studying our history from the point of view of the development of our people, especially to trace and show the part played by them in Philippine social progress as a whole. [2]
The study of the economic history of a country is important also because economic forces play a great part in the development of any people. Indeed, some claim that all history may be explained in terms of economic motives. This is known as the economic interpretation of history. [3] Without going into the controversy centering around this theory, we can readily see that what we know as civilization has a two-fold basis, the physical and the psychical. And it is only after the physical basis is secured, that further psychical advance is possible. "Among all species, and in every stage of evolution, the extent of aggregation and its place or position are determined by external physical conditions. Even when men have become united by sympathies and beliefs, the possibility of perpetuating their union is a question of the character and resources of their environment. The distribution of food is the dominating fact. Animals and men dwell together where a food supply is found, or may be certainly and easily produced. Other physical circ.u.mstances of the environment, however, such as temperature and exposure, surface and alt.i.tude, which make life in some places comparatively easy, in others difficult or impossible, exert an influence not to be overlooked." (Franklin Henry Giddings, The Principles of Sociology, p. 82. New York: 1911.)
We need not trace the history of early civilizations to show the influence exerted by physical factors. We need only to recall the motives, familiar to all, which led to the discovery of America, namely, the closing of the trade routes to the East through the conquest of the Turks. And the history of this country itself furnishes many ill.u.s.trations. Both ancient and modern writers have had a good deal to say about the strategic position of the Philippine Islands in relation to the countries bordering around the Pacific Ocean. [4]
It was that central geographical position which explained the marked predominance of Manila as a trade depot over all the other ports in the Orient, at one time in our history. That was, furthermore, the reason why the Spaniards kept the country; they wanted to use it "as a means to be nearer, and to reach more quickly, the rich country of spices, and then the continent of Asia, j.a.pan, and the Orient in general." [5]
Finally, we should distinguish the various causes that explain historical events. For example, a good deal of what has been known as the religious question in this country, is not concerned with religion at all, but chiefly with economics. It is not always easy to distinguish these various causes; a fact which only goes to explain the one-sided point of view which has prevailed till the present. But, that the questions connected with the means of getting a living were considered paramount, even long before the formal exposition of the economic interpretation of history, may be seen from the words of the provincials of the religious orders in a remonstrance addressed to the governor and captain-general of the Philippines, wherein they depicted the deplorable conditions in the Islands:
"Third, all the Christian Indians would be more steadfast and rooted in the holy faith, and would become effective and most suitable instruments for (gaining) new conversions of infidels (and) apostates, the infidels themselves beholding the abundant wealth and profit, and other benefits, of the Christian Indians; FOR IT IS THE TEMPORAL WELFARE EVIDENT TO THEIR SENSES WHICH, AS EXPERIENCE TEACHES US, STRONGLY INFLUENCES BOTH CLa.s.sES OF INDIANS, TO BE CONVERTED OR TO MAINTAIN THEMSELVES IN THE CHRISTIAN FAITH." [6]
Divisions of present work.
The present work is built around a group of ideas briefly summarized as follows: The first three chapters portray the industries and commerce at the time of the coming of the Spaniards; and explain the causes that led to their decline; the fourth chapter dwells upon the era of restriction, and the Manila-Acapulco trade, which, for over two centuries, dominated this country, and has had such depressing effect upon economic growth; the last chapter takes up the era of liberalism, during the nineteenth century, and shows how the opening of the Philippines to foreign influence resulted in the development of its natural resources. Any attempt to trace Philippine economic development in the past three centuries must necessarily start, not so much with a detailed account of how the industries developed as with an exposition of how they were not developed. On the other hand, the remarkable social progress of the last half of the nineteenth century, following the opening of the markets of the world to Philippine products, is an encouraging indication of probable social advance yet to be attained.
I. AGRICULTURE AND LANDHOLDING AT THE TIME OF THE DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
Agriculture.
At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, agriculture in the Philippines was in a comparatively prosperous condition. [7] The Filipinos cultivated rice, which, as today, formed their chief article of food. They grew also sugar-cane, coconuts, indigo, sweet potatoes, and other tubers, various kinds of bananas, the betel-nut palm, the tamarind, lansone, and several varieties of legumes, [8] The hemp plant was likewise grown, and as we shall see later on, was used at the time for making the so-called "sinamay" cloth. [9] Cotton was cultivated, and furnished the material for weaving. Among the native fruits mentioned by Morga are: "sanctors, mabolos, tamarinds, nancas, custard-apples, papaws, guavas, and everywhere many oranges, of all kinds--large and small, sweet and sour; citrons, lemons, and ten or twelve varieties of very healthful and palatable bananas." [10]
With the coming of the Spaniards, very many plants which are commonly considered to be indigenous in this country, were introduced. [11]
The most important economic plant imported since Spanish discovery was the tobacco, which today forms one of the staple crops, though it took many years before it came to anything like its present position. The cacao nut also was imported. Among the most commonly known of the others are; maize, peanut, papaya, and, also pineapple, and sweet potato. [12] All of these plants came from Mexico. [13]
Coffee was introduced from Europe. [14]
Live stock.
The Filipinos at the time of discovery had domestic animals, dogs, cats, pigs, goats and buffaloes, i.e. carabaos. [15] "There were no horses, mares, or a.s.ses in the islands, until the Spaniards had them brought from China and brought them from Nueva Espana." [16]
The Kings of Spain in their instructions to the governors-general of the Philippines were solicitous about this matter of supplying this country with sufficient live stock to carry on farm work. [17]
The early accounts of expeditions to find food for the Spaniards show that chickens were raised by the Filipinos. [18]
It has been truly said that the Filipino has been affected by the centuries of Spanish sovereignty far less on his material side than he has on his spiritual. [19] For as we read the early accounts about agricultural life at the time of discovery and conquest, and compare it with that of a decade ago, we do not find any marked change or advance. [20] The early Filipinos knew how to construct implements for the cultivation of their rice, such as for hulling and separating the chaff from the grain; and they had wooden mortars and pestles for pounding and whitening rice. Then, the women did most of the work of pounding the rice for use, whereas today, the men do it. [21] Furthermore, in the early days, the system of irrigating the rice fields that is used today was known and practiced. [22]
Of course, the so-called caingin method of cultivation prevailed, but the considerable amounts of rice which at various times were contributed by the Filipinos for the support of the Spanish conquerors could not have been produced under such a crude system of cultivation, but only by the more advanced one, which closely resembled that of the present time. [23]
Land holding.
The lands of the ancient Filipinos were divided among the whole barangay, so that each one had his holding and no resident of one barangay was allowed to cultivate lands in another barangay unless he had acquired them by inheritance, gift, or purchase. In some barangays the lands belonged to the chief through purchase from the original owners. In some localities the chiefs or princ.i.p.al personages also owned the fisheries, and their rights were respected. [24]
With the coming of the Spaniards, lands were a.s.signed to the colonists, of which they were to have perpetual ownership after four years"
residence. [25] Encomiendas of the Indians were also granted to the discoverers and conquerors. [26] It is in connection with the administration of these encomiendas that we find in the annals of the Philippines many accounts of abuses and extortions practiced on the natives, and the consequent revolts. It must not, however, be supposed that the Filipinos were actually dispossessed of their lands by the king; for, although according to the const.i.tutional law of the Indies the land and the soil in all colonies were the domain of the king [27]
and, therefore, could be a.s.signed to deserving persons, there were royal decrees intended to protect the natives in their time-honored possession. [28] The question of land ownership has, however, from earliest times been the source of conflicts between the religious orders and the people. Without going into the technical,--and perhaps today, academic,--question of which side had the better legal argument, the fact cannot be denied that the Filipinos had always protested, throughout the various centuries of contact with the Spaniards, against what they considered to be usurpation of their lands. [29]
II. INDUSTRIES AT THE TIME OF DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
Shipbuilding.
One of the most important industries in the Philippines during this period was shipbuilding. We would naturally expect this industry to be developed among the Filipinos, for they belong to a seafaring race that for centuries had been pushing their way northward and taking possession of the islands of this part of the Pacific; furthermore, once settled in this country, they had abundant supply of good timber for building purposes. [30] Morga described the various kinds of ships and boats used by the Filipinos. [31] There seems to be no doubt that the Filipinos have forgotten much of what they knew about shipbuilding. [32]
The Spaniards took advantage of the abundance of materials in this country, and engaged in shipbuilding on a large scale. Shipyards were established at various places, [33] and to them the Filipinos were compelled to go and work. To the honor and glory of Spain, some of the largest ships in the world at that time were built in the Philippines. [34]
When the role played by the Filipinos in the history of Spanish achievement in the Philippines comes to be finally written, their share, in the form of service, direct--and indirect--and suffering of different kinds, will occupy a considerable part of the account. [35]
First of all, the many lives sacrificed in connection with the building of ships should be considered. [36] Then, the effect on the industries of the country was disastrous. [37] Besides, very frequently the laborers were not paid their wages. [38] And worse than the physical cruelties practiced on them, the Filipinos were not only helping the King in the extension of his empire, but also those who actually abused them [39] to get rich. It is not strange, therefore, that we should find good intentioned persons, among them the early religious men--who wrote to the King and prayed for redress. [40]
In this connection, it is of interest to add that the Filipinos who served as seamen in the galleons suffered as much as their brethren who built the ships. [41]
It is clear now why it is that the shipbuilding industry caused many revolts. [42] An interesting effect of the hardships suffered by the Filipinos was the migration of many of them to New Spain, and their settlement there. [43]
Fishing.
As, next to rice, fish formed an important part of the diet of the Filipinos, we find them engaged in the fishing industry at the time of discovery and conquest. Magellan and his party saw many fishing boats near the coasts of the islands pa.s.sed by them. "All the sh.o.r.es of this bay (Manila) are well provided with abundant fisheries, of all kinds." [44] The other islands were described to have many large fisheries also. [45] The inland waters, too, furnished the inhabitants with abundant fish supply.
Most of the devices used today for catching fish were known then to the ancient Filipinos. "The natives" method of catching them is by making corrals of bejucos. They catch the fish inside these corrals, having made the enclosures fast by means of stakes. They also catch the fish in wicker baskets made from the bejucos, but most generally with atarrayas (a species of fishing net), esparaveles (a round fishing net, which is jerked along by the fisher through rivers and shallow places), other small barrederas (a net of which the meshes are closer and tighter than those of common nets, so that the smallest fish may not escape it), and with hand lines and hooks." [46] The salambao was also used. [47]
Fishing for pearl oysters and other precious products of the sea was also a developed industry at the time of discovery and conquest. These products were exported to other countries. [48]