12,269. Do they get the most of their supplies from there?-I think so.
12,270. Do these men live near your shop, or are they living at a distance from you?-They live pretty near me. Some of them are near neighbours, and others live about three or four miles away.
12,271. How many men of that kind may there be who deal occasionally with you, but who get the bulk of their supplies from the parties for whom they are fishing?-I should fancy there may be about forty or fifty of them.
12,272. Have most of these men got accounts?-Generally they have, but not to a great extent; perhaps for a few shillings.
12,273. You understand they are supplied chiefly by the merchant for whom they ship?-Yes, generally.
12,274. Would it not be more convenient for them to get their supplies nearer their own homes?-I don"t know that it would make much difference. It is not very far from our place to Lerwick. I think it is only about eight or nine miles, and the people generally are in the town every now and again with hosiery and things of that kind.
12,275. Who are the merchants with whom most of the men engage for the Faroe fishing?-I think the princ.i.p.al parties are Mr. Leask, and Messrs. Hay & and Messrs. Harrison & Sons.
12,276. Do the people generally carry home their meal and provisions from Lerwick when they buy meal there?-A good deal of it comes in that way; but it is a very common thing, when the men are going to Faroe, for them to bring the smack round to Whiteness and leave a boll or two of meal at their houses there before they go away.
12,277. What prices do you pay for the fish caught in spring and winter?-From 6s. 6d. to 7s. We are paying 7s. just now for cod.
There are very few ling caught.
12,278 What is the price for the small fish?-It is 4s. 6d. for the smallest and then there are different prices from that upwards until we come to the big size.
12,279. What quant.i.ty of fish will you get in that way from a boat"s crew in the course of a winter and spring?-I really don"t know. I don"t get them all. They may come to me with a few cwts. perhaps, and perhaps go to Scalloway or anywhere else with the rest. They are quite at liberty during the winter, so far as I know, to go anywhere they like where they can get the best price.
When they come to me they generally take what goods they want, and if there is a balance over they usually get it in cash.
12,280. When they come with fish in that way, I suppose you generally ask them what they want after fixing the price?-They know the price before they come with them, and they generally want some things out of the shop. If they do not, then they get the cash.
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12,281. Do you weigh the fish?-Yes, we weigh them in presence of the men.
12,282. Is not the first thing you do after that to see what goods the people want?-Very seldom. I just ask them if they are wanting any goods, and then they buy them; but they sometimes take the whole price in money, and sometimes they settle previous accounts with fish which they bring in that way. In winter that is generally the way in which they settle their accounts with me.
12,283. Are the accounts which the men run up in summer generally settled by the sale of their winter fish?-Yes; that is the way in which the thing is done in our quarter.
12,284. How many tons of dry fish would you be able to sell from that kind of trade?-Perhaps three or four tons, or the like of that.
It is not carried on to any great extent.
12,285. Do you sell these fish at what is called the current price?-No; I just take my chance. I get them dried perhaps in April or May, and send them south.
12,286. Can you sell them earlier than the large fish sales of the year?-Yes. The spring fish are all dry by April or May.
12,287. Is the price of cured fish generally higher early in the season than it is in September, when the large sales take place?-I don"t know; the price is very fluctuating.
12,288. Are you aware that the current price this year for ling was 23 per ton?-Yes; but I am not aware of that price having been paid for any of the small fish such as I am speaking of.
12,289. What did you manage to sell your fish for last year?-I sent them princ.i.p.ally to Leith, and I got about 16 per ton for them on an average, after deducting expenses. I do not know the price at which the fish were actually sold, but that is what I realized. I sent them to an agent in Leith, and that was my return.
12,290. Do you suppose that any of the men that you bought fish from would get as much as 5 from you in the course of the winter and spring for their fish?-I don"t think they would.
12,291. Might one crew get as much as that?-Yes, more than that; or if they were going to the spring fishing also, they would get perhaps 4 or 5 each man for the big cod. I paid more than that per man last year, when they had been both at the winter and spring fishing.
12,292. I suppose most of that would be settled for by the men taking the goods?-No; I think three-fourths of it would be settled for in cash. That would not be so in every case; but in some cases more than three-fourths would be paid in cash.
Lerwick, January 24, 1872, LEWIS F.U. GARRIOCK, examined.
12,293. You are a partner of the firm of Garriock & Co., general merchants and fish-curers at Reawick?-I am.
12,294. You have prepared a statement which you wish to appear as part of your evidence?-Yes.
12,295. Is that statement correct?-It is, to the best of my knowledge.
[The witness then handed in the following statement:-]
"I am a partner of the firm of Garriock & Co. general merchants and fish-curers at Reawick.
"Mr. Umphray, the senior of the firm, and myself, are proprietors of land. Mr. Umphray, my younger brother, and I, are joint factors on the estate of Dr. Scott of Melby.
"I am trustee for the proprietors of the Burra Isles.
"Our general store for all sorts of goods is at Reawick. We have, besides, two small shops or general stores, one in the Island of Foula where there are about forty families, and the other at Sandness, where there are about seventy-five families.
"We engage our fishermen and servants from the district of country comprising the parishes of Weisdale, Aithsting, Sandsting, Walls, Sandness, and Foula, with a few from districts beyond Tingwall, Burra, etc.
"We cured last season the fish from ten smacks fishing at Faroe, Iceland, etc., and five smaller vessels prosecuting the fishing in the neighbourhood of our own and the Orkney Islands.
There are other owners interested in some of these vessels, but we engaged the crews on shares; and at the end of the season, when the value of the fish was realized, we accounted with owners and men for their proportions. The gross value will be about . .. 460000 The cost of bait, salt-curing, etc., . . 65000 The cost of biscuit, coals on owners" account,25000 Proportion paid crew individually, . . 220000 Proportion paid owners, 150000 4600 0 0
"The fishermen"s proportion is paid to each of them in cash, under deduction of any provisions and articles of clothing for themselves, and provisions, etc., supplied to their families during the season, so far as they have supplied themselves from us; but they are under no obligation to take such advance from us and can, if they choose buy their articles from any shopkeeper, either for cash (which many of them have spare) or on credit. A few of the men can do without advances, having spare money; but the fishing could not be carried on if we were not to supply them, especially as regards the lads in their first and second year.
"In years when the fishing is not remunerative merchants making those advances lose heavily in bad debts.
"I have gone carefully over the accounts with the crews of two smacks, and produce an abstract of the men"s accounts, which shows that, as respects one of them in 1870, we accounted to them for 427,19s. 2d., of which they had from us for lines, hooks, and provisions on board, 71, 7s. 9d.; clothing, and supplies of meal, etc., to their families, 114, 14s. 5d.; and in cash, 239, 17s. The other crew, in 1870, had, in lines, hooks, and provisions, 81, 7s.
11d.; goods, 129, 0s. 8d.; and in cash, 374, 13s. 6d. The same crew, in 1871, in lines, provisions, etc., 63, 3s. 4d.; goods, 67, 7s.; cash, 198, 9s. 7d. Looking at the last two years as regards our fishermen in smacks, it appears they have had considerably more than half their gross shares paid them in cash.
"We would, as merchants, greatly prefer a cash system, payment being made upon the fish being delivered, the same as we do to English smacks fishing for us at it contract price-and we derive about one-third of our cure from this source. But I believe were such a mode attempted it would lead to fixed wages, and would end in loss to both men and owners, and a great falling off in this branch of the fishery.
"BOATS.-About one-fourth of our cure last year was from open boats-six-oared boats at far haaf, and four-oared boats at home haaf. About 63 tons of these are from crews who cure their own fish, and deliver at one time, at the end of the curing season. The remaining 71 tons are delivered fresh every day, as landed at our stations. Those who cure their own fish, whether they have advances of salt, meal, etc., from us or not, are at perfect liberty to treat with and sell to any merchant they can get the best price from when their fish are ready. Their boats and gear are all their own.
The understanding about those delivered fresh is, that we pay not less than the current rate of the country. These men, as well as the others, own their boats and gear. The peculiarities of their situation make this mode of delivering in a fresh state a necessity.
At two of the stations we receive from in that way; and we prefer it, although the fish should [Page 303] cost us higher than those cured by the men themselves, as we can make a much better article, having skilled men and better appliances. To show that our boat fishers do see more than a pound at settlement, I take the liberty to hand you herewith an abstract of my settlement last and previous month with the men at two stations in Walls, by which it appears that 36 men employed at far haaf, and 34 men at home haaf, had value in fish, 829, 19s. 1d. Our supplies in boats, lines, salt, meal, and other goods, was 29, 0s. 81/2d.; and I paid them in cash 600, 18s. 41/2d. I have not access to some of the station books; but, from an abstract of my last year"s settlement at one of these stations, there was placed to credit of the men for fish, work, curing, etc., 655, 0s. 6d., which was thus disposed of: "1st. To account of arrears of advances of meal, etc., from previous years,71 12 7 "2d. Fishing material, meal, goods, and cash from storekeeper during year,270 7 2 "3d. Cash at settlement,313 0 9
"It is not always so; this same island for three years, 1867-69, suffered severely from the crops being blasted, and the fishing of 1868 proving a failure (each fisherman"s earnings for the whole year only amounting to about 3). We supplied them with meal during these years, at the end of which they were due us 228, 19s.
9d., besides some arrears of rent to Dr. Scott. All this is now cleared off, unless some three or four individuals; and the more provident have a good few pounds saved.
"In settling with our men, the whole crew, both as respects smacks and boats, are brought in together, and the statement of the division is gone over carefully. Afterwards each man comes separately, and every item of his account read over, or if a pa.s.s-book is kept (which is very common) it is made up. Copies of the account are given in every case when desired. I think our men are perfectly satisfied with the present system.
"The tenants on the Melby estate are perfectly free to earn their living as they choose; and it is the same as regards Mr. Umphray"s tenants (who number 75) and my own. On going over the roll of Mr. Umphray"s tenants, I observe there are only 17 fishing to my firm (some of them only part of the season), and of my tenants only 4.
"It is the exception, not the rule, for our fishermen to be in debt to us. Of the 70 men representing the sixteen crews of which I have given particulars, all had money to get, with the exception of six, who are due us balances to the amount of 33, 2s.