To sum up. The Shakespearean drama enjoins those who love their country wisely to neglect no advantage that nature offers in the way of resisting unjust demands upon it; to remember that her prosperity depends on her command of the sea,--of "the silver sea, which serves it in the office of a wall, or as a moat defensive to a house, against the envy of less happier lands"; to hold firm in the memory "the dear souls" who have made "her reputation through the world"; to subject at need her faults and frailties to criticism and rebuke; and finally to treat with disdain those in places of power, who make of no account their responsibilities to the past as well as to the present and the future. The political, social, and physical conditions of his country have altered since Shakespeare lived. England has ceased to be an island-power. The people rule instead of the king. Social responsibilities are more widely acknowledged. But the dramatist"s doctrine of patriotism has lost little of its pristine vitality, and is relevant to current affairs.
IX
A PERIL OF SHAKESPEAREAN RESEARCH[38]
[Footnote 38: This paper was first printed in _The Author_, October 1903.]
I
For some years past scarcely a month pa.s.ses without my receipt of a communication from a confiding stranger, to the effect that he has discovered some piece of information concerning Shakespeare which has. .h.i.therto eluded research. Very often has a correspondent put himself to the trouble of forwarding a photograph of the t.i.tle-page of a late sixteenth or early seventeenth century book, on which has been scrawled in old-fashioned script the familiar name of William Shakespeare. At intervals, which seem to recur with mathematical regularity, I receive intelligence that a portrait of the poet, of which nothing is. .h.i.therto known, has come to light in some recondite corner of England or America, and it is usually added that a contemporary inscription settles all doubt of authenticity.
I wish to speak with respect and grat.i.tude of these confidences. I welcome them, and have no wish to repress them. But truth does not permit me to affirm that such as have yet reached me have done more than enlarge my conception of the scope of human credulity. I look forward to the day when the postman shall, through the generosity of some appreciative reader of my biography of Shakespeare, deliver at my door an autograph of the dramatist of which nothing has been heard before, or a genuine portrait of contemporary date, the existence of which has never been suspected. But up to the moment of writing, despite the good intentions of my correspondents, no experience of the kind has befallen me.
There is something pathetic in the frequency with which correspondents, obviously of unblemished character and most generous instinct, send me almost tearful expressions of regret that I should have hitherto ignored one particular doc.u.ment, which throws (in their eyes) a curious gleam on the dramatist"s private life. At least six times a year am I reminded how it is recorded in more than one obscure eighteenth-century periodical that the dramatist, George Peele, wrote to his friend Marle or Marlowe, in an extant letter, of a merry meeting which was held at a place called the "Globe." Whether the rendezvous were tavern or playhouse is left undetermined. The a.s.sembled company, I am a.s.sured, included not merely Edward Alleyn the actor, and Ben Jonson, but Shakespeare himself. Together these celebrated men are said to have discussed a pa.s.sage in the new play of _Hamlet_. The reported talk is at the best tame prattle. Yet, if Shakespeare be anywhere revealed in unconstrained intercourse with professional a.s.sociates, no biographer deserves pardon for overlooking the revelation, however disappointing be its purport.
Unfortunately for this neglected intelligence, the letter in question is an eighteenth century fabrication. It is a forgery of no intrinsic brilliance or wit. It bears on its dull face marks of guilt which could only escape the notice of the uninformed. It is not likely to mislead the critical. Nevertheless it has deceived many an uncritical reader, and has constantly found its way into print without meeting serious confutation. It may therefore be worth while setting its true origin and subsequent history on record. No endeavour is likely in all the circ.u.mstances of the case to prevent an occasional resurrection of the meagre spectre; but at present it appears to walk in various quarters quite unimpeded, and an endeavour to lay it may not be without its uses.
II
Through the first half of 1763 there was published in London a monthly magazine called the _Theatrical Review, or Annals of the Drama_, an anonymous miscellany of dramatic biography and criticism. It was a colourless contribution to the journalism of the day, and lacked powers of endurance. It ceased at the end of six months. The six instalments were re-issued as "Volume I." at the end of June 1763; but that volume had no successor.[39]
[Footnote 39: Other independent publications of similar character appeared under the identical t.i.tle of _The Theatrical Review_ both in 1758 and 1772. The latter collected the ephemeral dramatic criticisms of John Potter, a well-known writer for the stage.]
All that is worth noting of the _Theatrical Review_ of 1763 now is that among its contributors was an extremely interesting personality.
He was a young man of good education and independent means, who had chambers in the Temple, and was enthusiastically applying himself to a study of Shakespeare and Elizabethan dramatic literature. His name, George Steevens, acquired in later years world-wide fame as that of the most learned of Shakespearean commentators. Of the real value of Steevens"s scholarship no question is admissible, and his reputation justly grew with his years. Yet Steevens"s temper was singularly perverse and mischievous. His confidence in his own powers led him to contemn the powers of other people. He enjoyed nothing so much as mystifying those who were engaged in the same pursuits as himself, and his favourite method of mystification was to announce anonymously the discovery of doc.u.ments which owed all their existence to his own ingenuity. This, he admitted, was his notion of "fun." Whenever the whim seized him, he would in gravest manner reveal to the Press, or even contrive to bring to the notice of a learned society, some alleged relic in ma.n.u.script or in stone which he had deliberately manufactured. His sole aim was to recreate himself with laughter at the perplexity that such unholy pranks aroused. It is one of these Puck-like tricks on Steevens"s part that has spread confusion among those of my correspondents, who allege that Peele has handed down to us a personal reminiscence of the great dramatist.
The _Theatrical Review_, in its second number, offered an anonymous biography of the great actor and theatrical manager of Shakespeare"s day, Edward Alleyn. This biography was clearly one of Steevens"s earliest efforts. It is for the most part an innocent compilation. But it contains one pa.s.sage in its author"s characteristic vein of mischief. Midway in the essay the reader is solemnly a.s.sured that a brand-new contemporary reference to Alleyn"s eminent a.s.sociate Shakespeare was at his disposal. The new story "carries with it"
(a.s.serts the writer) "all the air of probability and truth, and has never been in print before." "A gentleman of honour and veracity," run the next sentences, which were designed to put the unwary student off his guard, "in the commission of the peace for Middles.e.x, has shown us a letter dated in the year 1600, which he a.s.sures us has been in the possession of his family, by the mother"s side, for a long series of years, and which bears all the marks of antiquity." The superscription was interpreted to run: "For Master Henrie Marle, livynge at the sygne of the rose by the palace."
There follows at length the paper of which the family of the honourable and veracious gentleman "in the commission of the peace for Middles.e.x" had become possessed "by the mother"s side." The words were these:--
"FRIENDE MARLE,
"I must desyre that my syster hyr watche, and the cookerie booke you promysed, may be sent by the man. I never longed for thy company more than last night; we were all very merrye at the Globe, when Ned Alleyn did not scruple to affyrme pleasantely to thy friend Will, that he had stolen his speech about the qualityes of an actor"s excellencye, in _Hamlet_ hys tragedye, from conversations manyfold which had pa.s.sed between them, and opinyons given by Allen touchinge the subject. Shakespeare did not take this talke in good sorte; but Jonson put an end to the stryfe with wittielie saying: "This affaire needeth no contentione; you stole it from Ned, no doubt; do not marvel; have you not seen him act tymes out of number?"
"Believe me most syncerelie,
"Harrie,
"Thyne,
"G. PEEL."
The text of this strangely-spelt, strangely-worded epistle, with its puny efforts at a jest, was succeeded by a suggestion that "G. Peel,"
the alleged signatory, could be none other than George Peele, the dramatist, who achieved reputation in Shakespeare"s early days, and was an industrious collector of anecdotes.
Thus the impish Steevens baited his hook. The sport which followed must have exceeded his expectations. Any one familiar with the bare outline of Elizabethan literary history should have perceived that a trap had been set. The letter was a.s.signed to the year 1600.
Shakespeare"s play of _Hamlet_, to the performance of which it unconcernedly refers, was not produced before 1602; at that date George Peele had lain full four years in his grave. Peele could never have pa.s.sed the portals of the theatre called the "Globe"; for it was not built until 1599. No historic tavern of the name is known. The surname of the person, to whom the letter was pretended to have been addressed, is suspicious. "Marle" was one way of spelling "Marlowe" at a period when forms of surnames varied with the caprice of the writer.
The great dramatist, _Christopher_ Marle, or Marloe, or Marlowe, had died in 1593. "Henrie Marle" is counterfeit coinage of no doubtful stamp.
The language and the style of the letter are undeserving of serious examination. They are of a far later period than the Elizabethan age.
They cannot be dated earlier than 1763. Safely might the heaviest odds be laid that in no year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth "did friende Marle promyse G. Peel his syster that he would send hyr watche and the cookerie book by the man," or that "Ned Alleyn made pleasante affirmation to G. Peel of friend Will"s theft of the speech in _Hamlet_ concerning an actor"s excellencye."
From top to toe the imposture is obvious. But the general reader of the eighteenth century was confiding, unsuspicious, greedy of novel information. The description of the source of the doc.u.ment seemed to him precise enough to silence doubt.
III
The _Theatrical Review_ of 1763 succeeded in launching the fraud on a quite triumphal progress. Again and again, as the century advanced, was G. Peel"s declaration to "friende Marle" paraded, without hint of its falsity, before snappers-up of Shakespearean trifles. Seven years after its first publication, the epistle found admission in a slightly altered setting to so reputable a periodical as the _Annual Register_.
Burke was still directing that useful publication, and whatever information the _Register_ shielded, was reckoned to be of veracity.
"G. Peel" and "friende Marle" were there, in the year 1770, suffered to exchange their confidences in the most honourable environment.
Another seven years pa.s.sed, and in 1777 there appeared an ambitious work of reference, ent.i.tled _Biographia Literaria, or a Biographical History of Literature_, which gave its author, John Berkenhout, a free-thinking physician, his chief claim to remembrance. Steevens was a friend of Berkenhout, and helped him in the preparation of the book.
Into his account of Shakespeare, the credulous physician introduced quite honestly the fourteen-year-old forgery. The reputed date of 1600, which the supposit.i.tious justice of the peace had given it in the _Theatrical Review_, was now suppressed. Berkenhout confined his comment to the halting reminiscence: "Whence I copied this letter I do not recollect; but I remember that at the time of transcribing it, I had no doubt of its authenticity."
Thrice had the trick been worked effectively in conspicuous places before Steevens died in 1800. But the evil that he did lived after him, and within a year of his death the imposture renewed its youth. A correspondent, who concealed his ident.i.ty under the signature of "Grenovicus" (_i.e._, of Greenwich), sent Peel"s letter in 1801 to the _Gentleman"s Magazine_, a ma.s.sive repertory of useful knowledge. There it was duly reprinted in the number for June. "Grenovicus" had the a.s.surance to claim the letter as his own discovery. "To my knowledge,"
he wrote, "it has never yet appeared in print." He refrained from indicating how he had gained access to it, but congratulated himself and the readers of the _Gentleman"s Magazine_ on the valiant feast that he provided for them. His action was apparently taken by the readers of the _Gentleman"s Magazine_ at his own valuation.
Meanwhile the discerning critic was not altogether pa.s.sive. Isaac D"Israeli denounced the fraud in his _Curiosities of Literature_; but he and others did their protesting gently. The fraud looked to the expert too shamefaced to merit a vigorous onslaught. He imagined the spurious epistle must die of its own inanity. In this he miscalculated the credulity of the general reader. "Grenovicus" of the _Gentleman"s Magazine_ had numerous disciples.
Many a time during the past century has that worthy"s exploit been repeated. Even so acute a scholar as Alexander Dyce thought it worth while to reprint the letter in 1829 in the first edition of his collected works of George Peele (Vol. I., page 111), although he declined to pledge himself to its authenticity. The latest historian of Dulwich College[40] has admitted it to his text with too mildly worded a caveat. Often, too, has "G. Peel" emerged more recently from a long-forgotten book or periodical to darken the page of a modern popular magazine. I have met him unabashed during the present century in two literary periodicals of repute--in the _Academy_ (of London), in the issue of 18th January 1902, and in the _Poet Lore_ (of Boston) in the following April number. Future disinterments may safely be prophesied. In the jungle of the _Annual Register_ or the _Gentleman"s Magazine_ the forgery lurks unchallenged, and there will always be inexperienced explorers, who from time to time will run the unhallowed thing to earth there, and bring it forth as a new and unsuspected truth.
[Footnote 40: William Young"s _History of Dulwich College_, 1889, II., 41-2.]
Perhaps forgery is too big a word to apply to Steevens"s concoction.
Others worked at later periods on lines of mystification similar to his; but, unlike his disciples, he did not seek from his misdirected ingenuity pecuniary gain or even notoriety. He never set his name to this invention of "Peel" and "Marle," and their insipid chatter about _Hamlet_ at the "Globe." Steevens"s sole aim was to delude the unwary.
It is difficult to detect humour in the endeavour. But the perversity of the human intellect has no limits. This ungainly example of it is only worth attention because it has sailed under its false colours without very serious molestation for one hundred and forty-three years.
X
SHAKESPEARE IN FRANCE[41]
[Footnote 41: This paper was first printed in _The Nineteenth Century_, June 1899.]
I
Nothing but good can come of a comparative study of English and French literature. The political intercourse of the two countries has involved them in an endless series of broils. But between the literatures of the two countries friendly relations have subsisted for over five centuries. In the literary sphere the interchange of neighbourly civilities has known no interruption. The same literary forms have not appealed to the tastes of the two nations; but differences of aesthetic temperament have not prevented the literature of the one from levying substantial loans on the literature of the other, and that with a freedom and a frequency which were calculated to breed discontent between any but the most cordial of allies. While the literary geniuses of the two nations have pursued independent ideals, they have viewed as welcome courtesies the willingness and readiness of the one to borrow sustenance of the other on the road. It is unlikely that any full or formal balance-sheet of such lendings and borrowings will ever be forthcoming, for it is felt instinctively by literary accountants and their clients on both sh.o.r.es of the English Channel that the debts on the one side keep a steady pace with the debts on the other, and there is no balance to be collected.
No recondite research is needed to establish this general view of the situation. It is well known how the poetic career of Chaucer, the earliest of great English poets, was begun under French masters.