The interrupter as it is when complete is shown at D, Fig. 1.
Having finished the interrupter, connect it with the electric-light circuit as shown in Fig. 2. Fill the bottle with water to about the line as shown in D, Fig. 1. Adjust the wire in the small gla.s.s tube so that it projects about 1/8 in. Add sulphuric acid until the water level rises about 1/16 in. Turn on the current and press the b.u.t.ton, B. If all adjustments are correct, there will be a loud crackling noise from the interrupter, a violet flame will appear at the end of the wire and a hot spark will pa.s.s between the secondary terminals. If the interrupter does not work at first, add more sulphuric acid through the funnel and press the wire down a little more into the liquid. A piece of wood, A, Fig. 2, should be inserted in vibrator to prevent it from working.
--Contributed by Harold L. Jones, Carthage, N. Y.
** A Miniature "Pepper"s Ghost" Illusion [52]
Probably many readers have seen a "Pepper"s Ghost" illusion at some amus.e.m.e.nt place. As there shown, the audience is generally seated in a dark room at the end of which there is a stage with black hangings. One of the audience is invited onto the stage, where he is placed in an upright open
[Ill.u.s.tration: Pepper"s Ghost]
coffin. A white shroud is thrown over his body, and his clothes and flesh gradually fade away till nothing but his skeleton remains, which immediately begins to dance a horrible rattling jig. The skeleton then fades away and the man is restored again.
A simple explanation is given in the Model Engineer. Between the audience and the coffin is a sheet of transparent gla.s.s, inclined at an angle so as to reflect objects located behind the scenes, but so clear as to be invisible to the audience and the man in the coffin. At the beginning the stage is lighted only from behind the gla.s.s. Hence the coffin and its occupant are seen through the gla.s.s very plainly. The lights in front of the gla.s.s (behind the scenes) are now raised very gradually as those behind the gla.s.s are turned down, until it is dark there. The perfectly black surface behind the gla.s.s now acts like the silver backing for a mirror, and the object upon which the light is now turned--in this case the skeleton--is reflected in the gla.s.s, appearing to the audience as if really occupying the stage.
The model, which requires no special skill except that of carpentry, is constructed as shown in the drawings.
The box containing the stage should be 14 in. by 7 in. by 7-1/2 in., inside dimensions. The box need not be made of particularly good wood, as the entire interior, with the exception of the gla.s.s, figures and lights, should be colored a dull black. This can well be done by painting with a solution of lampblack in turpentine. If everything is not black, especially the joints and background near A, the illusion will be spoiled.
The gla.s.s should be the clearest possible, and must be thoroughly cleansed. Its edges should nowhere be visible, and it should be free from scratches and imperfections. The figure A should be a doll about 4 in. high, dressed in brilliant, light-colored garments. The skeleton is made of papier mache, and can be bought at j.a.panese stores. It should preferably be one with arms suspended by small spiral springs, giving a limp, loose-jointed effect. The method of causing the skeleton to dance is shown in the front view. The figure is hung from the neck by a blackened stiff wire attached to the hammer wire of an electric bell, from which the gong has been removed. When the bell works he will kick against the rear wall, and wave his arms up and down, thus giving as realistic a dance as anyone, could expect from a skeleton.
The lights, L and M, should be miniature electric lamps, which can be run by three dry cells. They need to give a fairly strong light, especially L, which should have a conical tin reflector to increase its brilliancy and prevent its being reflected in the gla.s.s.
Since the stage should be some distance from the audience, to aid the illusion, the angle of the gla.s.s and the inclination of the doll, A, has been so designed that if the stage is placed on a mantle or other high shelf, the image of A will appear upright to an observer sitting in a chair some distance away, within the limits of an ordinary room. If it is desired to place the box lower down, other angles for the image and gla.s.s may be found necessary, but the proper tilt can be found readily by experiment.
The electric connections are so simple that they are not shown in the drawings. All that is necessary is a two-point switch, by which either L or M can be placed in circuit with the battery, and a press b.u.t.ton in circuit with the bell and its cell.
If a gradual transformation is desired, a double-pointed rheostat could be used, so that as one light dims the other increases in brilliancy, by the insertion and removal of resistance coils.
With a clear gla.s.s and a dark room this model has proved to be fully as bewildering as its prototype.
** Experiment with Colored Electric Lamps [53]
To many the following experiment may be much more easily performed than explained: Place the hand or other object in the light coming from two incandescent lamps, one red and
[Ill.u.s.tration: Two-Colored Hand]
one white, placed about a foot apart, and allow the shadow to fall on a white screen such as a table-cloth. Portions of the shadow will then appear to be a bright green. A similar experiment consists in first turning on the red light for about a minute and then turning it off at the same time that the white one is turned on. The entire screen will then appear to be a vivid green for about one second, after which it a.s.sumes its normal color.
** To Explode Powder with Electricity [53]
A 1-in. hole was bored in the center of a 2-in. square block. Two finishing nails were driven in, as shown in the sketch. These were connected to terminals of an induction coil. After everything was ready the powder was poured in the hole and a board weighted with rocks placed over the block. When the b.u.t.ton is pressed
[Ill.u.s.tration: Exploding Powder]
or the circuit closed in some other way the discharge occurs. The distance between the nail points--which must be bright and clean--should be just enough to give a good, fat spark.
--Contributed by Geo. W. Fry, San Jose, Cal.
** Simple Wireless System [54]
The ill.u.s.trations will make plain a simple and inexpensive apparatus for
[Ill.u.s.tration: Simple Wireless System]
wireless telegraphy by which I have had no difficulty in sending messages across 1-1/2 miles of water surface. It is so simple that the cuts scarcely need explanation. In Fig. 1 is seen the sending apparatus, consisting of a 40-cell battery connected with two copper plates 36 by 36 by 1/8 in. The plates are separated 6 in.
by a piece of hard rubber at each end.
In Fig. 2 are seen duplicates of these insulated plates, connected with an ordinary telephone receiver. With this receiver I can hear distinctly the electric signals made by closing and opening the Morse key in Fig. 1, and I believe that in a short time I shall be able to perfect this system so as to send wireless messages over long distances.
--Contributed by Dudley H. Cohen, New York.
** Stop Crawling Water Colors [54]
To prevent water colors from crawling, add a few drops of ammonia or lime water, or a solution of sal soda.
** Small Electrical Hydrogen Generator [54]
A small hydrogen generator may be made from a fruit jar, A (see sketch), with two tubes, B and C, soldered in the top. The plates E can be made of tin or galvanized iron, and should be separated about 1/8 in. by small pieces of wood. One of these plates is connected to metal top, and the wire from the other pa.s.ses through the tube B, which is filled with melted rosin or wax, to make it airtight. This wire connects to one side of a battery of two cells, the other wire being soldered to the metal top of the jar, as shown. The jar is partly filled with a very dilute solution of sulphuric acid, about 1 part of acid to 20 of water.
When the current of electricity pa.s.ses between the plates E, hydrogen gas is generated, which rises and pa.s.ses through the rubber hose D, into the receiver G. This is a wide-mouth bottle, which is filled with water and inverted over a pan of water, F.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Hydrogen Generator]
The gas bubbling up displaces the water and fills the bottle.
If the receiver is removed when half full of gas, the remaining s.p.a.ce will be filled with air, which will mix with the gas and form an explosive mixture. If a lighted match is then held near the mouth of the bottle a sharp report will be heard.
If the bottle is fitted with a cork containing two wires nearly touching, and the apparatus connected with an induction coil, in such a manner that a spark will be produced inside the bottle, the explosion will blowout the cork or possibly break the bottle.
Caution should be used to avoid being struck by pieces of flying gla.s.s if this experiment is tried, and under no condition should a lighted match or spark be brought near the end of the rubber hose D, as the presence of a little air in the generator will make an explosive mixture which would probably break the jar.
** Gasoline Burner for Model Work [55]
When making a small model traction engine or a locomotive the question arises, "What shall the fuel be?" If you have decided to use gasoline, then a suitable burner is necessary. A piece of bra.s.s tubing about 3 in. in diameter and 6 in. long with caps screwed on both ends and fitted with a filling plug and a bicycle valve makes a good gasoline supply tank, says the Model Engineer, London. The bicycle valve is used to give the tank an air pressure which forces the gasoline to the burner.
The burner is made from a piece of bra.s.s tube, A, as is shown in the ill.u.s.tration, 1/2 in. in diameter and 2-1/2 in. long, which is plugged up at both ends, one end being drilled and reamed out to 5/16 in. Three rows of holes 1/16 in. in diameter are drilled in the bra.s.s tube. One row is drilled to come directly on top, and the other two at about 45 degrees from the vertical. It is then fitted to a sheet steel base, B, by means of the clips, C C, Fig.
1. A piece of 1/8-in. copper pipe, P, is then coiled around the bra.s.s tube, A, which forms the vaporizing coil. This coil should have a diameter