_Au._ Indeed, your Gardens are very pleasant, but keep that Pleasure for Morning Walks. When the Sun is towards setting, Rivers afford wonderful pleasant Prospects.
_Ch. Austin_, do you walk foremost as a Poet should do, and I"ll walk by your Side.
_Au._ O good G.o.d, what a jolly Company we have, what a Retinue have I!
_Christian_, I can"t utter the Pleasure I take, I seem to be some n.o.bleman.
_Ch._ Now be as good as your Word. Perform the Task you have taken upon you.
_Au._ What is it you"d have me speak of chiefly?
_Ch._ I us"d formerly to admire many Things in _Pollio_"s Orations; but chiefly this, that he us"d so easily, so frequently and beautifully to turn a Sentence, which seemed not only a great Piece of Wit, but of great Use.
_Au._ You were much in the Right on"t, _Christian_, to admire that in _Pollio_. For he seems, in this Matter, to have had a certain divine Faculty, which I believe, was peculiar to him, by a certain Dexterity of Art, and by much Use of Speaking, Reading and Writing, rather than by any Rules or Instructions.
_Ch._ But I would fain have some Rule for it, if there be any to be given.
_Au._ You say very well; and since I see you are very desirous of it, I"ll endeavour it as much as I can: And I will give those Rules, as well as I can, which I have taken Notice of in _Pollio_"s Orations.
_Ch._ Do, I should be very glad to hear "em.
_Au._ I am ready to do it.
The ARGUMENT.
_A short Rule concerning this Copia, it teaches how to vary a Sentence pleasantly, copiously, easily, frequently, and elegantly; by short Rules given, and by a Praxis upon these Rules, in an elegant Turning of one Phrase._
In the first Place, it is to be set forth in pure and choice _Latin_ Words; which to do is no mean Piece of Art: For there are a great many, who do, I don"t know after what Manner, affect the _Copia_ and Variation of Phrase, when they don"t know how to express it once right. It is not enough for them to have babbled once, but they must render the Babble much more babbling, by first one, and then by another turning of it; as if they were resolv"d to try the Experiment, how barbarously they were able to speak: And therefore, they heap together, certain simple synonymous Words, that are so contrary one to the other, that they may admire themselves how they do agree together. For what is more absurd, than that a ragged old Fellow, that has not a Coat to his Back, but what is so ragged that he may be ashamed to put it on, should every now and then change his Rags, as though he design"d to shew his Beggary by Way of Ostentation: And those Affectators of Variety seem equally ridiculous, who, when they have spoken barbarously once, repeat the same Thing much more barbarously; and then over and over again much more unlearnedly. This is not to abound with Sentences, but Solaecisms: Therefore, in the first Place, as I have said, the Thing is to be express"d in apt and chosen Words. 2. And then we must use Variety of Words, if there are any to be found, that will express the same Thing; and there are a great many. 3. And where proper Words are wanting, then we must use borrow"d Words, so the Way of borrowing them be modest. 4.
Where there is a Scarcity of Words, you must have Recourse to Pa.s.sives, to express what you have said by Actives; which will afford as many Ways of Variation, as there were in the Actives. 5. And after that, if you please, you may turn them again by verbal Nouns and Participles. 6. And last of all, when we have chang"d Adverbs into Nouns, and Nouns sometimes into one Part of Speech, and sometimes into another; then we may speak by contraries. 7. We may either change affirmative Sentences into negative, or the contrary. 8. Or, at least, what we have spoken indicatively, we may speak interrogatively. Now for Example Sake, let us take this Sentence.
_Literae tuae magnopere me delectarunt.
Your Letters have delighted me very much._
_Litertae._
Epistle, little Epistles, Writings, Sheets, Letters.
_Magnopere._
After a wonderful Manner, wonderfully, in a greater, or great Manner, in a wonderful Manner, above Measure, very much, not indifferently (not a little) mightily, highly, very greatly.
_Me._
My Mind, my Breast, my Eyes, my Heart, _Christian_.
_Delectarunt._
They have affected, recreated, exhilarated with Pleasure, have been a Pleasure, have delighted, have bath"d me with Pleasure; have been very sweet, very pleasant, &c.
Now you have Matter, it is your Business to put it together: Let us try.
_Ch._ Thy Letters have very greatly delighted me. Thy Epistle has wonderfully chear"d me.
_Au._ Turn the Active into a Pa.s.sive, then it will look with another Face. As, It can"t be said how much I have been chear"d by thy Writings.
_Also by other Verbs effecting the same Thing._
I have received an incredible Pleasure from thy Writings. I have receiv"d very much Pleasure from your Highness"s Letter. Your Writings have brought me not an indifferent Joy. Your Writings have overwhelmed me all over with Joy. "But here you can"t turn these into Pa.s.sives, only in the last, _perfusus gaudio_, as is commonly said, Pleasure was taken by me, Joy was brought, is not so commonly used, or you must not use so frequently."
_By Affido._
Thy Letter hath affected me with a singular Pleasure.
_Change it into a Pa.s.sive._
I am affected with an incredible Pleasure by thy Letter. Thy little Epistle has brought not a little Joy.
_By_ Sum _and Nouns Adjectives._
Thy Letters have been most pleasant to me many Ways. That Epistle of thine was, indeed, as acceptable, as any Thing in the World.
_By Nouns Substantives._
Thy Letter was to us an unspeakable Pleasure. Your Letter was an incredible Pleasure to us.
_Change it into a Negative._
Thy Letter was no small Joy. Nothing in Life could happen more delightful than thy Letters. "Although I have sometimes already made Use of this Way, which is not to be pa.s.s"d over negligently. For when we would use _multum, plurimum_, to signify, _singulariter_, we do it by a contrary Verb." As, _Henry_ loves you mightily: He loves you with no common Love. Wine pleases me very much: It pleases me not a little. He is a Man of a singular Wit: A Man of no ordinary Wit. He is a Man of admirable Learning: He is a Man not of contemptible Learning. _Thomas_ was born in the highest Place of his Family: Not in the lowest Place.
_Austin_ was a most eloquent Man: He was not ineloquent. _Carneades_ the Orator was n.o.ble: Not an ign.o.ble, not an obscure Man. "And the like, which are very frequently used." But the Mention of a Thing so plain is enough: Nor are you ignorant, that we make Use of a two-fold Manner of Speech, of this Kind: For Modesty Sake, especially, if we speak of our selves; also for Amplification Sake. For we use rightly and elegantly, not ungrateful, for very grateful; not vulgarly for singularly.
_For Modesty Sake._
I have by my Letters gain"d some Reputation of Learning. I have always made it my Business not to have the last Place in the Glory of Learning.
The Examples of Amplification are mention"d before: Now let us return to our own. Nothing ever fell out to me more gratefully, acceptably, than thy Letter. Nothing ever was a greater Pleasure than your Letter. I never took so much Pleasure in any Thing, as in thy most loving Letters.
"After this Manner all the before-mention"d Sentences may be vary"d by an Interrogation." What in Life could be more pleasant than thy Letters?
What has happened to me more sweet, than thy Letter? What has ever delighted me like your last Letter? And after this Manner you may vary almost any Sentence.
_Ch._ What shall we do now?
_Au._ We will now turn the whole Sentence a little more at large, that we may express one Sentence, by a Circ.u.mlocution of many Words.
_Ch._ Give Examples.
_Au._ "That which was sometimes express"d by the Noun _incredibile_, and then again, by the Adverb _incredibiliter_, we will change the Sentence in some Words." I can"t express how much I was delighted with your Letters. It is very hard for me to write, and you to believe how much Pleasure your Letter was to me. I am wholly unable to express how I rejoic"d at your Letter. "And so _in infinitum_: Again, after another Manner. For hitherto we have varied the Sentences by Negations and Interrogations, and in the last Place by Infinitives. Now we will vary by Substantives or Conditionals, after this Manner." Let me die if any Thing ever was more desired and more pleasant than thy Letters. Let me perish if any Thing ever was more desired, and more pleasant than thy Letter. As G.o.d shall judge me, nothing in my whole Life ever happen"d more pleasant than thy Letters. "And also a great many more you may contrive after this Manner."