The Dance (by An Antiquary).
by Anonymous.
PREFACE.
This sketch of the iconography of the dance does not pretend to be a history of the subject, except in the most elementary way. It may be taken as a summary of the history of posture; a complete dance cannot be easily rendered in ill.u.s.tration.
The text is of the most elementary description; to go into the subject thoroughly would involve years and volumes. The descriptions of the various historic dances or music are enormous subjects; two authors alone have given 800 dances in four volumes.[Footnote: Thompson"s complete collection of 200 country dances performed at Court, Bath, Tunbridge, and all public a.s.semblies, with proper figures and directions to each set for the violin, German flute, and hautboy, 8s.
6d. Printed for Charles and Samuel Thompson, St. Paul"s Churchyard, London, where may be had the yearly dances and minuets. Four volumes, each 200 dances. 1770-1773.]
It would have been interesting if some idea of the orchesography of the Egyptians and Greeks could have been given; this art of describing dances much in the manner that music is written is lost, and the attempts to revive it have been ineffective. The increasing speed of the action since the days of Lulli would now render it almost impossible.
It is hoped that this work may be of some use as ill.u.s.trating the costume, position and accessories of the dance in various periods to those producing entertainments.
To the reader desirous of thoroughly studying the subject a bibliography is given at the end.
CHAPTER I.
EGYPTIAN, a.s.sYRIAN, HEBREW AND PHOENICIAN DANCING.
In this work it is not necessary to worry the reader with speculations as to the origin of dancing. There are other authorities easily accessible who have written upon this theme.
Dancing is probably one of the oldest arts. As soon as man was man he without doubt began to gesticulate with face, body, and limbs. How long it took to develop bodily gesticulation into an art no one can guess--perhaps a millennium.
In writing of dancing, one will therefore include those gesticulations or movements of the body suggesting an idea, whether it be the slow movement of marching, or the rapid gallop, even some of the movements that we commonly call acrobatic. It is not intended here to include the more sensual movements of the East and the debased antique.
Generally the antique dances were connected with a religious ritual conceived to be acceptable to the G.o.ds. This connection between dancing and religious rites was common up to the 16th century. It still continues in some countries.
In some of the earliest designs which have come down to us the dancers moved, as stars, hand in hand round an altar, or person, representing the sun; either in a slow or stately method, or with rapid trained gestures, according to the ritual performed.
Dancing, music and poetry were inseparable. Dancing is the poetry of motion, and its connection with music, as the poetry of sound, occurs at all times. In our own day musical themes are marked by forms originally dance times, as waltz time, gavotte time, minuet time, etc.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2.--Greek figures in a solemn dance. From a vase at Berlin.]
Amongst the earliest representations that are comprehensible, we have certain Egyptian paintings, and some of these exhibit postures that evidently had even then a settled meaning, and were a phrase in the sentences of the art. Not only were they settled at such an early period (B.C. 3000, fig. 1) but they appear to have been accepted and handed down to succeeding generations (fig. 2), and what is remarkable in some countries, even to our own times. The accompanying ill.u.s.trations from Egypt and Greece exhibit what was evidently a traditional att.i.tude. The hand-in-hand dance is another of these.
The earliest accompaniments to dancing appear to have been the clapping of hands, the pipes,[Footnote: Egyptian music appears to have been of a complicated character and the double pipe or flutes were probably reeded, as with our clarionet. The left pipe had few stops and served as a sort of hautboy; the right had many stops and was higher. The single pipe, (a) "The recorder" in the British Museum, is a treble of 10-1/2 in. and is pentaphonic, like the Scotch scale; the tenor (b) is 8-3/4 in. long and its present pitch--[Ill.u.s.tration: a] [Ill.u.s.tration: b] the guitar, the tambourine, the castanets, the cymbals, the tambour, and sometimes in the street, the drum.
The following account of Egyptian dancing is from Sir Gardiner Wilkinson"s "Ancient Egypt" [Footnote: Vol. i., p. 503-8.]:--
"The dance consisted mostly of a succession of figures, in which the performers endeavoured to exhibit a great variety of gesture. Men and women danced at the same time, or in separate parties, but the latter were generally preferred for their superior grace and elegance. Some danced to slow airs, adapted to the style of their movement; the att.i.tudes they a.s.sumed frequently partook of a grace not unworthy of the Greeks; and some credit is due to the skill of the artist who represented the subject, which excites additional interest from its being in one of the oldest tombs of Thebes (B.C. 1450, Amenophis II.).
Others preferred a lively step, regulated by an appropriate tune; and men sometimes danced with great spirit, bounding from the ground, more in the manner of Europeans than of Eastern people. On these occasions the music was not always composed of many instruments, and here we find only the cylindrical maces and a woman snapping her fingers in the time, in lieu of cymbals or castanets.
"Graceful att.i.tudes and gesticulations were the general style of their dance, but, as in all other countries, the taste of the performance varied according to the rank of the person by whom they were employed, or their own skill, and the dance at the house of a priest differed from that among the uncouth peasantry, etc.
"It was not customary for the upper orders of Egyptians to indulge in this amus.e.m.e.nt, either in public or private a.s.semblies, and none appear to have practised it but the lower ranks of society, and those who gained their livelihood by attending festive meetings.
"Fearing lest it should corrupt the manners of a people naturally lively and fond of gaiety, and deeming it neither a necessary part of education nor becoming a person of sober habits, the Egyptians forbade those of the higher cla.s.ses to learn it as an amus.e.m.e.nt.
"Many of these postures resembled those of the modern ballet, and the pirouette delighted an Egyptian party 3,500 years ago.
"The dresses of the females were light and of the finest texture, a loose flowing robe reaching to the ankles, sometimes with a girdle.
"In later times, it appears more transparent and folded in narrow pleats.[Footnote: There is a picture of an Egyptian gauffering machine in Wilkinson, vol. i., p. 185.] Some danced in pairs, holding each other"s hand; others went through a succession of steps alone, both men and women; sometimes a man performed a solo to the sound of music or the clapping of hands.
"A favourite figure dance was universally adopted throughout the country, in which two partners, who were usually men, advanced toward each other, or stood face to face upon one leg, and having performed a series of movements, retired again in opposite directions, continuing to hold by one hand and concluding by turning each other round (see fig. 3). That the att.i.tude was very common is proved by its having been adopted by the hieroglyphic (fig. 4) as the mode of describing "dance.""
[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3.--The hieroglyphics describe the dance.]
[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 4.--Egyptian hieroglyphic for "dance."]
Many of the positions of the dance ill.u.s.trated in Gardner Wilkinson are used at the present day.
The a.s.sYRIANS probably danced as much as the other nations, but amongst the many monuments that have been discovered there is little dancing shown, and they were evidently more proud of their campaigns and their hunting than of their dancing. A stern and strong people, although they undoubtedly had this amus.e.m.e.nt, we know little about it.
Of the Phoenicians, their neighbours, we have some ill.u.s.trations of their dance, which was apparently of a serious nature, judging by the examples which we possess, such as that (fig. 5) from Cyprus representing three figures in hooded cowls dancing around a piper. It is a dance around a centre, as is also (fig. 6) that from Idalium in Cyprus. The latter is engraved around a bronze bowl and is evidently a planet and sun dance before a G.o.ddess, in a temple; the sun being the central object around which they dance, accompanied by the double pipes, the harp, and tabour. The Egyptian origin of the devotion is apparent in the details, especially in the lotus-smelling G.o.ddess (marked A on fig. 6) who holds the flower in the manner shown in an Egyptian painting in the British Museum (fig. 7).
[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 5.--Cyprian limestone group of Phoenician dancers, about 6-1/2 in. high. There is a somewhat similar group, also from Cyprus, in the British Museum. The dress, a hooded cowl, appears to be of great antiquity.]
From the Phoenicians we have ill.u.s.trated examples, but no record, whereas from their neighbours the Hebrews we have ample records in the Scriptures, but no ill.u.s.trations. It is, however, most probable that the dance with them had the traditional character of the nations around them or who had held them captive, and the Philistine dance (fig. 6) may have been of the same kind as that around the golden calf (Apis) of the desert (Exodus x.x.xii. v. 19).
[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 6.--Phoenician patera, from Idalium, showing a religious ritual dance before a G.o.ddess in a temple round a sun emblem.]
When they pa.s.sed the Red Sea, Miriam and the maidens danced in chorus with singing and the beating of the timbrel (tambour). (Exodus xv. v.
1.)
[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 7.--Female figure smelling a lotus. From a painting in the British Museum.]
King David not only danced before the ark (2 Samuel vi. v. 16), but mentions dancing in the 149th and 150th Psalm. Certain historians also tell us that they had dancing in their ritual of the seasons. Their dancing seems to have been a.s.sociated with joy, as we read of "a time to mourn and a time to dance"; we find (Eccles. iii. v. 4) they had also the pipes: "We have piped to you and you have not danced"
(Matthew xi. v. 17). These dances were evidently executed by the peoples themselves, and not by public performers.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 8.--Dance of Bacchantes, painted by the ceramic painter, Hieron. (British Museum,)]
CHAPTER II.
DANCING WITH THE GREEKS.
With the Greeks, dancing certainly was primarily part of a religious rite; with music it formed the lyric art. The term, however, with them included all those actions of the body and limbs, and all expressions and actions of the features and head which suggest ideas; marching, acrobatic performances, and mimetic action all came into the term.