The First Book of Farming.
by Charles L. Goodrich.
PREFACE
The most successful farmers of the present day are those who work in harmony with the forces and laws of nature which control the growth and development of plants and animals. These men have gained their knowledge of those laws and forces by careful observation, experiment and study.
This book is a result of the author"s search for these facts and truths as a student and farmer and his endeavor as a teacher to present them in a simple manner to others.
The object in presenting the book to the general public is the hope that it may be of a.s.sistance to farmers, students and teachers, in their search for the fundamental truths and principles of farming.
In the first part of the book an attempt has been made to select the most important and fundamental truths and principles underlying all agriculture and to present them in the order of their importance, beginning with the most important.
An endeavor has been made to present these truths to the reader and student in a simple and interesting manner. As far as possible each advance step is based on a previously stated fact or truth. A number of side truths are introduced at various places.
A number of simple experiments have been introduced into the text in the belief that they will make the work more interesting to the general reader, and will aid the student in learning to make simple investigations for himself.
The author recommends all who use the book to perform the experiments and to make the observations, and so come actively in touch with the work.
The observations begin on the farm. The author considers the plant the central and all-important factor or agent on the farm.
The root is regarded as the most important part of the plant to itself, and consequently to the plant grower.
The general truths or principles which state the conditions necessary for the growth and development of plant roots are regarded as the foundation truths or fundamental principles of all agriculture. These truths are as follows:
The roots of farm plants need for their best growth and development:
A firm, mellow soil.
A moist soil.
A ventilated soil.
A warm soil.
A soil supplied with plant food.
The first two chapters lead the reader quickly through logical reasoning to these fundamental truths, on which the remainder of the work is based.
A study of soils is made in connection with the root studies, as the two are so closely related.
After the study of roots and soils the other parts of the plant are considered in the order of their importance to the farmer or plant grower. The aim is always to get at fundamental facts and principles underlying all agricultural and horticultural practice.
The author regards the conditions necessary to root growth and development as the important factor const.i.tuting soil fertility, and in the last ten chapters takes up the discussion of certain farm operations and practices and their effects on these necessary conditions, and consequently their effect on the fertility of the soil.
The author extends grat.i.tude to all who have in any way a.s.sisted in the preparation of this book, whether through advice, preparation of the text, preparation of the ill.u.s.trations, or any other way in which he has received a.s.sistance.
C.L. GOODRICH.
GLENNDALE, Prince George Co., Maryland, _January_ 21, 1905.
PART I
_General Principles Underlying Plant Culture_
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS
Our object in reading and studying this book is to find out some facts that will help those of us who are thinking of going into farming and gardening as a business or recreation to start right, and will also help those of us that are already in the business to make our farms and gardens more productive.
In order to make the book of greatest value to you, I would urge you not only to read and study it, but also to make the excursions suggested and to perform the experiments. In other words, it will be of much greater value to you if you will make the observations and investigations and find out for yourselves the important facts and principles rather than simply take statements of the book unquestioned.
A very good time to begin this work is during the latter part of the summer, when the summer crops are ripening and the fall and winter crops are starting into growth. So suppose we begin our study with a visit to some farm in early September, to bring to mind the many things a farmer works with, the many things he has to think about and know about.
As we approach the farm we will probably see first the farm-house surrounded by shade trees, perhaps elms or maples, with the barns and other buildings grouped nearby. As we pa.s.s up the front walk we notice more or less lawn of neatly clipped gra.s.s, with flower beds bordering the walk, or we may find a number of chickens occupying the front yard, and the flower beds, placed in red half-barrels, set upon short posts. In the flower beds we may find petunias, nasturtiums, geraniums, rose bushes and other flowering plants. Going around the house, we come upon the dairy, with its rack of cans and pans set out for the daily sunning and airing. Nearby is a well with its oaken bucket; at the barn we find the farmer, and he very kindly consents to go with us to answer questions. In the barn and sheds we find wagons, plows, harrows, seed drills, hoes, rakes, scythes and many other tools and machines. Pa.s.sing on to the fields, we go through the vegetable garden, where are carrots, parsnips, cabbages, beets, celery, sage and many other vegetables and herbs.
On the right, we see a field of corn just ready to harvest, and beyond a field of potatoes. On the left is the orchard, and we are invited to refresh ourselves with juicy apples. In the field beyond the hired man is plowing with a fine team of horses. In the South we would find a field of cotton and one of sweet potatoes, and perhaps sugar cane or peanuts. We have not failed to notice the pig weeds in the corn field nor the rag weed in the wheat stubble, and many other weeds and gra.s.ses in the fence corners.
Perhaps we may meet the cows coming from pasture to the stable. All the way we have been trampling on something very important which we will notice on our way back. In this field we find a coa.r.s.e sandy soil, in the next one a soil that is finer and stiffer. The plow is turning up a reddish soil. In the garden we find the soil quite dark in color.
But these are only a few of the things we have found. If you have used your notebook you will discover that you have long lists of objects which you have noticed, and these may be grouped under the following headings: Animals, Plants, Soils, Buildings, Tools, etc.
The farmer, then, in his work on the farm deals with certain agents, chief among which are Soils, Plants, Animals, Tools and Buildings.
Other agents which a.s.sist or r.e.t.a.r.d his work according to circ.u.mstances are the air, sunlight, heat, moisture, plant food, microscopic organisms called bacteria, etc. These agents are controlled in their relations to one another by certain forces which work according to certain laws and principles of nature. To work intelligently and to obtain the best results the farmer must become familiar with these agents and must work in harmony with the laws and principles which control them.
Let us take up the study of some of these groups of agents, beginning with the most important or central one on the farm.
Which do you think is the most important group? Some will say "tools."
The majority will probably say, study the soil first, "because we must work the soil before we can grow good crops." Some few will mention "plants." This last is right. The farm animals are dependent on plants for food. We till or work the soil to produce plants. Plants are living, growing things, and certain requirements or conditions are necessary for their growth and development; we cannot intelligently prepare the soil for plant growth until we know something about the work of plants and the conditions they need to do their work well.
For our first study of plants let us get together a number of farm and garden plants. Say, we have a corn plant, cotton, beet, turnip, carrot, onion, potato, gra.s.s, geranium, marigold, pigweed, thistle, or other farm or garden plants. In each case get the entire plant, with as much root as possible. Do these plants in any way resemble one another? All are green, all have roots, all have stems and leaves, some of them have flowers, fruit, and seeds, and the others in time will produce them.
Why does the farmer raise these plants? For food for man and animals; for clothing; for ornamental purposes; for pleasure, etc.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 1.--SPECIMEN PLANTS FOR STUDY.]
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 2.
The first effort of a sprouting seed is to send a root down into the soil.]
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 3.
Germinating seeds produce roots before they send a shoot up into the air.]