THE FIRST MEN.
by Howard Fast.
By airmail Calcutta, India 4 November 1945 Mrs. Jean Arbalaid Washington, D.C.
My dear sister: I found it. I saw it with my own eyes, and thereby I am convinced that I have a useful purpose in life overseas investigator for the anthropological whims of my sister. That, in any case, is better than boredom. I have no desire to return home; I will not go into any further explanations or reasons. I am neurotic, unsettled, and adrift. I got my discharge in Karachi, as you know. I am very happy to be an ex-GI and a tourist, but it took me only a few weeks to become bored to distraction. So I was quite pleased to have a mission from you. The mission is completed.
It could have been more exciting. The plain fact of the matter is that the small a.s.sociated Press item you sent me was quite accurate in all of its details. The little village of Chunga is in a.s.sam. I got there by plane, narrow gauge train and ox-cart a fairly pleasant trip at this time of the year, with the back of the heat broken; and there I saw the child, who is now fourteen years old.
I am sure you know enough about India to realise that fourteen is very much an adult age for a girl in these parts the majority of them are married by then. And there is no question about the age. I spoke at length to the mother and father, who identified the child by two very distinctive birthmarks. The identification was substantiated by relatives and other villagers all of whom remembered the birthmarks. A circ.u.mstance not unusual or remarkable in these small villages.
The child was lost as an infant at eight months, a common story, the parents working in the field, the child set down, and then the child gone. Whether it crawled at that age or not, I can"t say; at any rate, it was a healthy, alert and curious infant. They all agree on that point.
How the child came to the wolves is something we will never know. Possibly a b.i.t.c.h who had lost her own cubs carried the infant off. That is the most likely story, isn"t it? This is not lupus, the European variety, but pallipea, its local cousin, nevertheless a respectable animal in size and disposition and not something to stumble over on a dark night. Eighteen days ago, when the child was found, the villagers had to kill five wolves to take her, and she herself fought like a devil out of h.e.l.l. She had lived as a wolf for thirteen years.
Will the story of her life among the wolves ever emerge? I don"t know. To all effects and purposes, she is a wolf. She cannot stand upright the curvature of her spine being beyond correction. She runs on all fours and her knuckles are covered with heavy callus. They are trying to teach her to use her hands for grasping and holding, but so far unsuccessfully. Any clothes they dress her in, she tears off, and as yet she has not been able to grasp the meaning of speech, much less talk. The Indian anthropologist, Sumil Gojee, has been working with her for a week now, and he has little hope that any real communication will ever be possible. In our terms and by our measurements, she is a total idiot, an infantile imbecile, and it is likely that she will remain so for the rest of her life.
On the other hand, both Professor Gojee and Dr Chalmers, a government health service man, who came up from Calcutta to examine the child, agree that there are no physical or hereditary elements to account for the child"s mental condition, no malformation of the cranial area and no history of imbecilism in her background. Everyone in the village attests to the normalcy indeed, alertness and brightness of the infant; and Professor Gojee makes a point of the alertness and adaptability she must have required to survive for thirteen years among the wolves. The child responds excellently to reflex tests, and neurologically, she appears to be sound. She is strong beyond the strength of a thirteen-year-old wiry, quick in her movements, and possesses an uncanny sense of smell and hearing.
Professor Gojee has examined records of eighteen similar cases recorded in India over the past hundred years, and in every case, he says, the recovered child was an idiot in our terms or a wolf in objective terms. He points out that it would be incorrect to call this child an idiot or an imbecile any more than we would call a wolf an idiot or an imbecile. The child is a wolf, perhaps a very superior wolf, but a wolf nevertheless.
I am preparing a much fuller report on the whole business. Meanwhile, this letter contains the pertinent facts. As for money I am very well heeled indeed, with eleven hundred dollars I won in a c.r.a.p game. Take care of yourself and your brilliant husband and the public health service.
Love and kisses, Harry
By cable HARRY FELTON.
HOTEL EMPIRE.
CALCUTTA, INDIA.
10 NOVEMBER 1945.
THIS IS NO WHIM, HARRY, BUT VERY SERIOUS INDEED. YOU DID n.o.bLY. SIMILAR CASE IN PRETORIA. GENERAL HOSPITAL, DR FELIX VANOTT. WE HAVE MADE ALL ARRANGEMENTS WITH AIR TRANSPORT.
JEAN ARBALAID.
By airmail Pretoria, Union of South Africa 15 November 1945 Mrs. Jean Arbalaid Washington, D.C.
My dear sister: You are evidently a very big wheel, you and your husband, and I wish I knew what your current silly season adds up to. I suppose in due time you"ll see fit to tell me. But in any case, your priorities command respect. A full colonel was b.u.mped, and I was promptly whisked to South Africa, a beautiful country of pleasant climate and, I am sure, great promise.
I saw the child, who is still being kept in the General Hospital here, and I spent an evening with Dr Vanott and a young and reasonably attractive Quaker lady, Miss Gloria Oland, an anthropologist working among the Bantu people for her Doctorate. So, you see, I will be able to provide a certain amount of background material more as I develop my acquaintance with Miss Oland.
Superficially, this case is remarkably like the incident in a.s.sam. There it was a girl of fourteen; here we have a Bantu boy of eleven. The girl was reared by wolves; the boy, in this case, was reared by baboons and rescued from them by a White Hunter, name of Archway, strong, silent type, right out of Hemingway. Unfortunately, Archway has a nasty temper and doesn"t like children, so when the boy understandably bit him, he whipped the child to within an inch of its life. "Tamed him," as he puts it.
At the hospital, however, the child has been receiving the best of care and reasonable if scientific affection. There is no way of tracing him back to his parents, for these Basutoland baboons are great travellers and there is no telling where they picked him up. His age is a medical guess, but reasonable. That he is of Bantu origin, there is no doubt. He is handsome, long-limbed, exceedingly strong, and with no indication of any cranial injury. But like the girl in a.s.sam, he is in our terms an idiot and an imbecile.
That is to say, he is a baboon. His vocalisation is that of a baboon. He differs from the girl in that he is able to use his hands to hold things and to examine things, and he has a more active curiosity; but that, I am a.s.sured by Miss Oland, is the difference between a wolf and a baboon.
He too has a permanent curvature of the spine; he goes on all fours as the baboons do, and the back of his fingers and hands are heavily callused. After tearing off his clothes the first time, he accepted them, but that too is a baboon trait. In this case, Miss Oland has hope for his learning at least rudimentary speech, but Dr Vanott doubts that he ever will. Incidentally, I must take note that in those eighteen cases Professor Gojee referred to, there was no incidence of human speech being learned beyond its most basic elements.
So goes my childhood hero, Tarzan of the Apes, and all the n.o.ble beasts along with him. But the most terrifying thought is this what is the substance of man himself, if this can happen to him? The learned folk here have been trying to explain to me that man is a creature of his thought and that his thought is to a very large extent shaped by his environment; and that this thought process or mentation as they call it is based on words. Without words, thought becomes a process of pictures, which is on the animal level and rules out all, even the most primitive, abstract concepts. In other words, man cannot become man by himself; he is the result of other men and of the totality of human society and experience.
The man raised by the wolves is a wolf, by the baboons a baboon and this is implacable, isn"t it? My head has been swimming with all sorts of notions, some of them not at all pleasant. My dear sister, what are you and your husband up to? Isn"t it time you broke down, and told old Harry? Or do you want me to pop off to Tibet? Anything to please you, but preferably something that adds up.
Your ever-loving Harry
By airmail Washington, D.C.
27 November 1945 Mr. Harry Felton Pretoria, Union of South Africa
Dear Harry: You are a n.o.ble and sweet brother, and quite sharp too. You are also a dear. Mark and I want you to do a job for us, which will enable you to run here and there across the face of the earth, and be paid for it too. In order to convince you, we must spill out the dark secrets of our work which we have decided to do, considering you an upright and trustworthy character. But the mail, it would seem, is less trustworthy; and since we are working with the Army, which has a const.i.tutional dedication to top-secret and similar nonsense, the information goes to you via diplomatic pouch. As of receiving this, consider yourself employed; your expenses will be paid, within reason, and an additional eight thousand a year for less work than indulgence.
So please stay put at your hotel in Pretoria until the pouch arrives. Not more than ten days. Of course, you will be notified.
Love, affection, and respect, Jean
By diplomatic pouch Washington, D.C.
5 December 1945 Mr. Harry Felton Pretoria, Union of South Africa
Dear Harry: Consider this letter the joint effort of Mark and myself. The conclusions are also shared. Also, consider it a very serious doc.u.ment indeed.
You know that for the past twenty years, we have both been deeply concerned with child psychology and child development. There is no need to review our careers or our experience in the Public Health Service. Our work during the war, as part of the Child Reclamation Program, led to an interesting theory, which we decided to pursue. We were given leave by the head of the service to make this our own project, and recently we were granted a substantial amount of army funds to work with.
Now down to the theory, which is not entirely untested, as you know. Briefly but with two decades of practical work as a background it is this: Mark and I have come to the conclusion that within the rank and file of h.o.m.o Sapiens is the leavening of a new race. Call them man-plus call them what you will. They are not of recent arrival; they have been cropping up for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years. But they are trapped in and moulded by human environment as certainly and implacably as your a.s.samese girl was trapped among the wolves or your Bantu boy among the baboons.
By the way, your two cases are not the only attested ones we have. By sworn witness, we have records of seven similar cases, one in Russia, two in Canada, two in South America, one in West Africa, and, just to cut us down to size, one in the United States. We also have hearsay and folklore of three hundred and eleven parallel cases over a period of fourteen centuries. We have in fourteenth-century Germany, in the folio MS of the monk Hubercus, five case-histories which he claims to have observed. In all of these cases, in the seven cases witnessed by people alive today, and in all but sixteen of the hearsay cases, the result is more or less precisely what you have seen and described yourself: the child reared by the wolf is a wolf.
Our own work adds up to the parallel conclusion: the child reared by a man is a man. If man-plus exists, he is trapped and caged as certainly as any human child reared by animals. Our proposition is that he exists.
Why do we think this super-child exists? Well, there are many reasons, and neither the time nor the s.p.a.ce to go into all in detail. But here are two very telling reasons. Firstly, we have case histories of several hundred men and women, who as children had IQs of 150 or above. In spite of their enormous intellectual promise as children, less than ten percent have succeeded in their chosen careers. Roughly another ten percent have been inst.i.tutionalised as mental cases beyond recovery. About fourteen percent have had or require therapy in terms of mental health problems. Six percent have been suicides, one percent are in prison, twenty-seven percent have had one or more divorces, nineteen percent are chronic failures at whatever they attempt and the rest are undistinguished in any important manner. All of the IQs have dwindled almost in the sense of a smooth graph line in relation to age.
Since society has never provided the full potential for such a mentality, we are uncertain as to what it might be. But we can guess that against it, they have been reduced to a sort of idiocy an idiocy that we call normalcy.
The second reason we put forward is this: we know that man uses only a tiny fraction of his brain. What blocks him from the rest of it? Why has nature given him equipment that he cannot put to use? Or has society prevented him from breaking the barriers around his own potential?
There, in brief, are two reasons. Believe me, Harry, there are many more enough for us to have convinced some very hard-headed and unimaginative government people that we deserve a chance to release superman. Of course, history helps in its own mean manner. It would appear that we are beginning another war with Russia this time, a cold war, as some have already taken to calling it. And among other things, it will be a war in intelligence a commodity in rather short supply, as some of our local mental giants have been frank enough to admit. They look upon our man-plus as a secret weapon, little devils who will come up with death rays and super-atom-bombs when the time is ripe. Well, let them. It is inconceivable to imagine a project like this under benign sponsorship. The important thing is that Mark and I have been placed in charge of the venture millions of dollars, top priority the whole works. But nevertheless, secret to the ultimate. I cannot stress this enough.
Now, as to your own job if you want it. It develops step by step. First step: in Berlin, in 1937, there was a Professor Hans Goldbaum. Half Jewish. The head of the Inst.i.tute for Child Therapy. He published a small monograph on intelligence testing in children, and he put forward claims which we are inclined to believe that he could determine a child"s IQ during its first year of life, in its pre-speech period. He presented some impressive tables of estimations and subsequent checked results, but we do not know enough of his method to practice it ourselves. In other words, we need the professor"s help.
In 1937, he vanished from Berlin. In 1943, he was reported to be living in Cape Town the last address we have for him. I enclose the address. Go to Cape Town, Harry darling (myself talking, not Mark). If he has left, follow him and find him. If he is dead, inform us immediately.
Of course you will take the job. We love you and we need your help.
Jean
By airmail Cape Town, South Africa 20 December 1945 Mrs. Jean Arbalaid Washington, D.C.
My dear sister: Of all the harebrained ideas! If this is our secret weapon, I am prepared to throw in the sponge right now. But a job is a job.
It took me a week to follow the professor"s meandering through Cape Town only to find out that he took off for London in 1944. Evidently, they needed him there. I am off to London.
Love, Harry
By diplomatic pouch Washington, D.C.
26 December 1945 Mr. Harry Felton London, England
Dear Harry: This is dead serious. By now, you must have found the professor. We believe that despite protestations of your own idiocy, you have enough sense to gauge his method. Sell him this venture. Sell him! We will give him whatever he asks and we want him to work with us as long as he will.
Briefly, here is what we are up to. We have been allocated a tract of eight thousand acres in Northern California. We intend to establish an environment there under military guard and security. In the beginning, the outside world will be entirely excluded. The environment will be controlled and exclusive.
Within this environment, we intend to bring forty children to maturity to a maturity that will result in man-plus.
As to the details of this environment well that can wait. The immediate problem is the children. Out of forty, ten will be found in the United States; the other thirty will be found by the professor and yourself outside of the United States.
Half are to be boys; we want an even boy-girl balance. They are to be between the ages of six months and nine months, and all are to show indications of an exceedingly high IQ that is, if the professor"s method is any good at all.
We want five racial groupings: Caucasian, Indian, Chinese, Malayan, and Bantu. Of course, we are sensible of the vagueness of these groupings, and you have some lat.i.tude within them. The six so-called Caucasian infants are to be found in Europe. We might suggest two northern types, two Central European types, and two Mediterranean types. A similar breakdown might be followed in other areas.
Now understand this no cops and robbers stuff, no OSS, no kidnapping. Unfortunately, the world abounds in war orphans and in parents poor and desperate enough to sell their children. When you want a child and such a situation arises, buy! Price is no object. I will have no maudlin sentimentality or scruples. These children will be loved and cherished and if you should acquire any by purchase, you will be giving a child life and hope.
When you find a child, inform us immediately. Air transport will be at your disposal and we are making all arrangements for wet nurses and other details of child care. We shall also have medical aid at your immediate disposal. On the other hand, we want healthy children within the general conditions of health within any given area.
Now good luck to you. We are depending on you and we love you. And a merry Christmas.
Jean
By diplomatic pouch Copenhagen, Denmark 4 February 1946 Mrs. Jean Arbalaid Washington, D.C.
Dear Jean: I seem to have caught your silly top-secret and cla.s.sified disease, and I have been waiting for a free day and a diplomatic pouch to sum up my various adventures. From my "guarded" cables, you know that the professor and I have been doing a Cook"s Tour of the baby market. My dear sister, this kind of shopping spree does not sit at all well with me. However, I gave my word, and there you are. I will complete and deliver.
By the way, I suppose I continue to send these along to Washington, even though your "environment", as you call it, has been established. I"ll do so until otherwise instructed.
There was no great difficulty in finding the professor. Being in uniform I have since acquired an excellent British wardrobe and having all the fancy credentials you were kind enough to supply, I went to the War Office. As they say, every courtesy was shown to Major Harry Felton, but I feel better in civilian clothes. Anyway, the professor had been working with a child reclamation project, living among the ruins of the East End, which is pretty badly shattered. He is an astonishing little man, and I have become quite fond of him. On his part, he is learning to tolerate me.
I took him to dinner you were the lever that moved him, my dear sister. I had no idea how famous you are in certain circles. He looked at me in awe, simply because we share a mother and father.
Then I said my piece, all of it, no holds barred. I had expected your reputations to crumble into dust there on the spot, but no such thing. Goldbaum listened with his mouth and his ears and every fibre of his being. The only time he interrupted me was to question me on the a.s.samese girl and the Bantu boy; and very pointed and meticulous questions they were. When I had finished, he simply shook his head not in disagreement but with sheer excitement and delight. I then asked him what his reaction to all this was.
"I need time," he said. "This is something to digest. But the concept is wonderful daring and wonderful. Not that the reasoning behind it is so novel. I have thought of this so many anthropologists have. But to put it into practice, young man ah, your sister is a wonderful and remarkable woman!"
There you are, my sister. I struck while the iron was hot, and told him then and there that you wanted and needed his help, first to find the children and then to work in the environment.
"The environment," he said; "you understand that is everything, everything. But how can she change the environment? The environment is total, the whole fabric of human society, self-deluded and superst.i.tious and sick and irrational and clinging to legends and phantasies and ghosts. Who can change that?"
So it went. My anthropology is pa.s.sable at best, but I have read all your books. If my answers were weak in that department, he did manage to draw out of me a more or less complete picture of Mark and yourself. He then said he would think about the whole matter. We made an appointment for the following day, when he would explain his method of intelligence determination in infants.
We met the next day, and he explained his methods. He made a great point of the fact that he did not test but rather determined, within a wide margin for error. Years before, in Germany, he had worked out a list of fifty characteristics which he noted in infants. As these infants matured, they were tested regularly by normal methods and the results were checked against his original observations. Thereby, he began to draw certain conclusions, which he tested again and again over the next fifteen years. I am enclosing an unpublished article of his which goes into greater detail. Sufficient to say that he convinced me of the validity of his methods. Subsequently, I watched him examine a hundred and four British infants to come up with our first choice. Jean, this is a remarkable and brilliant man.
On the third day after I had met him, he agreed to join the project. But he said to me, very gravely, and afterwards I put it down exactly as he said it: