VICTORIA.[492]
In Melbourne an organisation for Women"s Suffrage has been in existence some sixteen years, but it is only within the last five years that the question has come within the region of practical politics. The movement suffered from want of concentration of energy.
"At one time the original a.s.sociation, though still in existence, was rivalled by other societies with the same object, but more or less tinged with local, cla.s.s or religious characteristics. This rivalry, though it tended to the growth of the movement, deprived it of force and eventually led to divided counsels and consequently to comparative failure." _The Australian Woman"s Sphere_[493] from which the above words are quoted, goes on to say: "A few years since, largely owing to the patience and tact of the late Annette Bear Crawford, its first Hon. Secretary, there was formed the "United Council for Women"s Suffrage" which aimed at including representatives of all the leagues that had for their main object, or for one of them, the political enfranchis.e.m.e.nt of women."
The formation of this Council has been the sign of a new life in the question in Melbourne. At the General Election of 1894 a determined effort was made to secure the return of a majority of members pledged to vote for the suffrage cause. The Government promised a Bill in the session of 1895, and on November 26th the Premier, Sir George Turner, introduced a Women"s Suffrage Bill which pa.s.sed the House of a.s.sembly without a division, but was lost in the Legislative Council by two votes.
The Women"s Suffrage Bill pa.s.sed the Legislative a.s.sembly in 1897, "98, "99, 1900, "01, each time with an increased majority, but each time its progress has been stopped in the Council.
Nevertheless there are many evidences of increasing vitality in the movement in Victoria, not the least of these being the rise of an Anti-Women"s Suffrage Crusade. These "New Crusaders" have presented a pet.i.tion which purports to be signed by 22,987 "adult women" of Victoria. But in 1891 before the suffrage was a live subject, before it had entered the region of practical politics, the women suffragists in six weeks obtained 30,000 signatures of adult women. The first and the most natural result of the anti-suffrage movement has been to bring down enquiries on the United Council from all parts of the Colony how to help Women"s Suffrage.
QUEENSLAND.[494]
The Women"s Suffrage question appears to have received its first awakening in Queensland from the visit of Miss Hannah Chenings, who in 1891 came from Adelaide on a lecturing tour in connection with an effort to obtain a law for the better protection of young girls. Her account of the Women"s Franchise League in South Australia aroused a wish for a similar organisation here, and after a period of silent growth the Women"s Suffrage a.s.sociation was formed in 1894, mainly through the instrumentality of Mrs. Leontine Cooper and Mrs. Maginie, who, as Miss Allen, had been a member of the New South Wales Society.
At the first annual meeting of this a.s.sociation, in March, 1895, the report showed that pet.i.tions had been presented with over 11,000 signatures, and that letters expressing themselves as favorable to the measure had been received from thirty Members of the Legislative a.s.sembly. In the General Election of 1897 a large number of candidates declared themselves in favor, but so far the effort to carry a Bill through the House has met with disappointment, and the Women"s Suffrage a.s.sociation are bending their efforts towards inducing the Government to bring in a Bill. Here, as in the other Colonies where they are still unenfranchised, the women feel deeply the injustice of their exclusion from the Federal Referendum.
TASMANIA.[495]
As long ago as 1885 a Const.i.tutional Amendment Act pa.s.sed second reading in the Tasmanian House of a.s.sembly which provided for the extension of the Franchise to unmarried women rate-payers, but notwithstanding the support of the Government the question made no further advance in Parliament.
In recent years a Bill to enfranchise women on the same terms as men has pa.s.sed the House of a.s.sembly on several occasions with increasing majorities, but the opponents are still too numerous to carry it through the Upper House. The Women"s Christian Temperance Union have been the most energetic workers in its behalf.
[It will be noticed that in each of these Australian States the Women"s Suffrage Bill repeatedly pa.s.sed the a.s.sembly, or Lower House, which is elected by the people, but was defeated in the Council or Upper House, which is composed entirely of wealthy and aristocratic members, who can be voted for only by these cla.s.ses, and some of whom are appointed by the Government and hold office for life. In 1901 a Federation of the six States was formed with a National Parliament, both Houses to be elected by the people. In June, 1902, a bill pa.s.sed this Federal Parliament giving women the right to vote for its members and be elected to this body. About 800,000 women have been thus enfranchised, the largest victory ever gained for this movement.
In South and West Australia and New South Wales women may vote for members of the State Parliament. In Victoria, Queensland and Tasmania they may vote for the Federal but not for the State Parliament, an anomaly which doubtless will be very soon rectified. It is possible that before this volume is read all the women of the six Australian States will possess the full franchise by const.i.tutional right.--Eds.]
In the South African Colonies there has been, as yet, no history to record. That the question simmers in many thoughtful minds there can scarcely be a doubt, but the time for organised action does not seem to have yet arrived.
The other Colonies of Great Britain, with the exception of Canada, are not self-governing.
DOMINION OF CANADA.
The story of the movement to obtain the Parliamentary Franchise in the Dominion dates back to 1883. In April of that year the Premier, Sir John Macdonald, introduced a Bill in the Legislature for amending the electoral law, including a clause which gave the suffrage to unmarried women who possessed the necessary qualifications.
Previously, on March 9th, the Toronto Women"s Literary and Social Progress Club had gathered in public for the first time in the City Council Chamber to consider the Suffrage question. Mrs. McEwan presided and a paper "treating pithily and with much aptness on the subject of the Franchise" was read by Miss E. Foulds, who moved a Resolution "that in the opinion of this Meeting the Parliamentary Franchise should be extended to women who possess the qualifications which ent.i.tle men to vote." This and a second resolution proposing the formation of a society to forward such legislation as might be required were both carried, many ladies and gentlemen speaking in their support and a large number of those present giving in their names as members. On April 5th an adjourned meeting was held and the Canadian Women"s Suffrage a.s.sociation was const.i.tuted.
Sir John Macdonald"s Bill was presented too late to become a law and was re-introduced in 1884. It was in this year that members of the British Suffrage a.s.sociation visited Canada. Miss Lydia Becker and Mrs. Lilias Ashworth Hallett were among them, and they and several other English ladies united in sending an address to Sir John Macdonald thanking him for the introduction of provisions in his Bill to enable women to vote and expressing their high appreciation of the just and generous spirit which had actuated him. Mrs. Hallett had some conversation with Sir John Hall, who told her the only difficulty they expected in Canada as regarded pa.s.sing the Bill was from the French population. This expectation proved to be well-founded. The Women"s Suffrage Clauses were rejected by 51 ayes, 78 noes, after a debate extending over thirty-one consecutive hours.
It was ten years before any further effort was made to secure the Parliamentary Franchise. In 1894 a pet.i.tion for this, in behalf of the Women"s Christian Temperance Union, supplemented by memorials from the Provinces, was presented by Sir James Grant to the House of Commons, and by the Hon. Mr. Scott to the Senate, but no resolution was offered. A Bill introduced by Mr. d.i.c.key, dealing with the electoral franchise, contained a clause asking suffrage for widows and spinsters, but the Bill was read only once. Mr. Davis, unsolicited, brought in a resolution for Women"s Franchise on the same terms as men. Forty members voted for it, one hundred and five against it.
A pet.i.tion for the Parliamentary Franchise for women, very largely signed by Federal voters throughout the Dominion, was presented to the House of Commons and the Senate in 1896. This was the last effort in the Parliament, and as a change has since been made in the Electoral Act, making the voters" list for the Dominion coincide with the Provincial lists, the battle will therefore have to be fought out in each separate Province.
THE PRESENT POLITICAL CONDITION.[496]
Women in Canada have no vote for any law maker, either Federal or Provincial. Their franchise is confined to munic.i.p.alities, which can only make by-laws that relate to the execution of existing laws. But although women have no direct vote, they have, by much labor and united effort, effected some important changes in the criminal code and civil laws, as well as in the political position of women in the munic.i.p.alities. The societies which have accomplished the most, if not all, of these changes are the Women"s Christian Temperance Union, the Women"s Enfranchis.e.m.e.nt a.s.sociation and the National Council of Women.
In the Province of Ontario, in 1884, widows and spinsters were given the Munic.i.p.al Franchise on the same terms as men. All women, married or single, if owners of property, may vote on money by-laws where such are submitted to the electors. Any woman on the a.s.sessment roll may vote for School Trustees and is eligible for this office. In 1892 it was enacted that women might study law and qualify for the Bar. In 1893 a Bill to give Munic.i.p.al Suffrage to married women and one to grant the Provincial Suffrage to all women were defeated by 16 ayes, 53 noes.
In the Province of New Brunswick the Legislature in 1886 gave, unsolicited, to widows and spinsters the right to vote on the same terms as men at Munic.i.p.al elections. In 1893 an Act was pa.s.sed permitting the appointment of a woman as School Trustee. This was amended in 1896 making it compulsory that two on each Board shall be women.
In the Province of Nova Scotia the Munic.i.p.al Franchise was granted to widows and spinsters in 1887. A Bill for the Provincial Franchise was defeated in 1893; and again in 1894 by one vote. An Act of 1895 permits all women, if rate-payers, to vote on School matters. A married woman having property in her own right, provided that her husband is disqualified, may vote in Munic.i.p.al elections under the Married Woman"s Property Act, since 1891. In the city of Halifax widows and spinsters who are rate-payers may vote on Munic.i.p.al questions. In 1894 a Bill giving women a more extended suffrage was lost by seven votes; in 1895 by four votes; in 1899 a Bill for the full Provincial Franchise was lost by twenty-seven votes.
In the Province of Prince Edward Island, in 1888, the Munic.i.p.al Suffrage was granted to widows and spinsters owning property. An Act of 1899 made women eligible to appointment on School Boards.
In the Province of British Columbia, in 1888, the Munic.i.p.al Franchise was conferred on widows and spinsters owning property. An Act of 1891 allows the wife of any householder or freeholder to vote on School matters but not to hold office; in 1897 the Act was amended making them eligible as School Trustees. This same year all women rate-payers were given the Munic.i.p.al Franchise. Only owners of property may vote on by-laws for raising money upon the credit of the munic.i.p.ality.
In the Province of Manitoba, in 1891, the Munic.i.p.al Franchise was extended to women. Any qualified woman rate-payer can vote on School questions and is eligible for School offices. Women property owners may vote on all submitted by-laws. In 1892 a measure to give women the full Provincial Suffrage was defeated by 28 ayes, 11 noes.
In the Province of Quebec, in 1892, the Munic.i.p.al and School Franchise was conferred on widows and spinsters on the same terms as on men. The law relating to the right of women to sit on the School Board was ambiguous, so a pet.i.tion was presented that they be declared eligible.
The response to this was an amendment excluding women. In Montreal, under the old charter, only widows and spinsters who owned property had the Munic.i.p.al Franchise; in 1899 this was amended, adding tenancy with residence as a qualification. In 1898 a Bill granting them the Provincial Suffrage was lost on division.
In the Northwest Territories, in 1894, the Munic.i.p.al Franchise was granted to widows and spinsters. In School matters every woman rate-payer can vote and is eligible to School offices.[497]
FOOTNOTES:
[483] The women of Great Britain and Ireland possess every franchise except that for members of Parliament. Local suffrage is restricted to spinsters and widows, but the important vote for Parish and District Councils, created by the Local Government Act of 1894, is possessed by married women "provided husband and wife shall not both be qualified in respect to the same piece of property." It may be stated in general terms that all electors must be rate-payers, although there are some exceptions applying to a small percentage of persons. [Eds.
[484] These were cla.s.sified in groups: (1) The general list (2) Wives of clergymen and church dignitaries. This list was headed by Mrs.
Benson and Mrs. Thomson, the wives of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York. (3) Officials, including ladies who are Poor Law Guardians and members of School Boards. (4) Education, including the names of such leaders in the movement for the higher education of women as Mrs.
Wm. Grey, Miss Emily Davies, Mrs. Henry Sidgwick--the Mistress of Girton, the Princ.i.p.al of Newnham College, upwards of sixty university lecturers and teachers and head mistresses of High Schools, upwards of eighty university graduates and certificated students, and there were omitted for want of s.p.a.ce the names of over 200 other women engaged in the teaching profession. (5) Registered medical pract.i.tioners, headed by Mrs. Garrett Anderson, M. D.; Miss Elizabeth Blackwell, M. D., and Mrs. Scharlieb, M. D., together with a number of ladies engaged in the department of nursing. (6) Social and philanthropic workers. (7) Literature, including Miss Anna Swanwick, Mrs. Anne Thackeray Ritchie, Miss S. D. Collet, Miss Olive Schreiner, Mrs. Emily Crawford, Miss Amelia B. Edwards. (7) Art and music. (8) Landowners, women engaged in business and working women, the latter cla.s.s represented by the secretaries of nine women trades" societies, and over 180 individual signatures of women artisans.
[485] The text of the Bill was as follows:
(1) This Act may be cited as the Parliamentary Franchise (Extension to Women) Act, 1897.
(2) On and after the pa.s.sing of this Act every woman who is the inhabitant occupier, as owner or tenant, of any dwelling-house, tenement or building within the borough or county where such occupation exists, shall be ent.i.tled to be registered as a voter in the list of voters for such borough or county in which she is so qualified as aforesaid, and, when registered, to vote for a member or members to serve in Parliament.
Provided always that such woman is not subject to any legal incapacity which would disqualify a male voter.
[486] The first pet.i.tion for woman suffrage presented to Parliament, in 1867, was signed by only 1,499 women. The pet.i.tion of 1873 was signed by 11,000 women. The pet.i.tion presented to the members of the last Parliament was signed by 257,796 women. [Eds.
[487] No reference has been made in the above table to the various Factory Acts which impose restrictions on women"s labour--these belong to a different department--but whether their interference with the labor of women be for good or for evil, that interference is an additional argument for allowing them a voice in the election of representatives.
[488] In 1877 New Zealand granted School Suffrage to women, and in 1886 Munic.i.p.al Suffrage.
[489] In 1880 South Australia granted Munic.i.p.al Suffrage to women.
[490] In 1871 West Australia granted Munic.i.p.al Suffrage to women.
[491] In 1867 New South Wales granted Munic.i.p.al Suffrage to women.
[492] In 1869 Victoria granted Munic.i.p.al Suffrage to women.
[493] The first number of _The Australian Woman"s Sphere_ was published in Melbourne, September 1, 1900. It is edited by Miss Vida Goldstein and appears monthly.