The Parent"s a.s.sistant.
by Maria Edgeworth.
INTRODUCTION
Once when the present writer was a very little girl she suffered for a short time from some inflammation of the eyes, which prevented her from reading, or amusing herself in any way. Her father, who had just then returned from the East, in order to help her to pa.s.s the weary hours began telling her the story of the "Forty Thieves," and when he had finished, and had boiled down the wicked thieves in oil, and when she asked him to tell it all over again, he said that he would try and find something else to amuse her, and looking about the room he took up a volume of the _Parent"s a.s.sistant_ which was lying on the table, and began to read aloud the story of the "Little Merchants." The story lasted two mornings, and an odd, confused impression still remains in the listener"s mind to this day of Naples, Vesuvius, pink and white sugar plums--of a darkened room, of a lonely country house in Belgium, of a sloping garden full of flowers outside the shutters, of the back of a big sofa covered with yellow velvet, and of her father"s voice reading on and on. When she visited Naples in after days she found herself looking about unconsciously for her early playfellows.
Not only Francisco and Piedro, but all those various members of the Edgeworth family who play their parts in fancy names and dresses in Miss Edgeworth"s stories, became her daily familiar companions from that day forth.
Many of the stories in the _Parent"s a.s.sistant_ were written in a time when wars and rumours of wars were in the air; these quiet scenes of village life were devised to the sound of clarions. Rebels were marching and countermarching; volunteers were a.s.sembling; husbandmen, throwing away their spades, were arming and turning into soldiers; the French were landing in Ireland. "I cannot be a Captain of Dragoons," writes Miss Edgeworth, "and it would not make any of us one degree safer if I were sitting with my hands before me." So she quietly goes on with her stories. One or two of them were written at Clifton, and very early in her career an ill.u.s.trated edition had been suggested by the publishers.
A young Irish neighbour, with a taste for the fine arts, was asked to make the drawings to these stories, and it was this lady, Miss Beaufort, the daughter of the Rector of Colon, who afterwards became the fourth Mrs. Edgeworth. Not long after his third wife"s death in 1797, Mr.
Edgeworth wrote a letter to Dr. Darwin at Lichfield, in which he gives him various items of family news. He writes of portraits (Dr. Darwin, Mr. Thomas Day, and Mr. Edgeworth, had all sat for their portraits); he writes of Upas trees, of frozen frogs, of farming and rack-rents; of pipes for hot-houses to be heated by stable dung, of speaking machines, and finally in a postscript he announces the fact of his being engaged to be married for the fourth time, "to a young lady of small fortune and large accomplishments, much youth, some beauty, more sense, uncommon talents, more uncommon temper, liked by my family, loved by me."
These were stormy times for Ireland: a few days after the letter was written, a conspiracy was discovered in Dublin, and the city was under arms. Mr. Edgeworth set out immediately to join the Beauforts, who were there. The true-hearted daughter now admires her father for urging on the marriage. "Instead of delaying, as some would have advised, my father urged for an immediate day. He brought his bride home through a part of the country in actual insurrection."
There is a grim story of the new-married pair on their way to Edgeworthstown pa.s.sing the suspended corpse of a man hanging between the shafts of a cart. Miss Edgeworth in her Memoirs of her father gives a striking account of the family a.s.sembled to receive the new wife. It is a grandson of this last Mrs. Edgeworth who is the present owner of Edgeworthstown.
_The Parent"s a.s.sistant_ had just been written; but one or two of the stories in the present collection were not added till much later, such as "The Bracelets," which were written in Switzerland to make up a proper allowance of copy for a new edition. It is hard to make a choice among these charming and familiar histories. They open like fairy tales, recounting in simple diction the histories of widows living in flowery cottages, with a.s.siduous devoted little sons, who work in the garden and earn money to make up the rent. There are also village children busily employed, and good little orphans whose parents generally die in the opening pages. Fairies were not much in Miss Edgeworth"s line, but philanthropic manufacturers, liberal n.o.blemen, and benevolent ladies in travelling carriages, do as well and appear in the nick of time to distribute rewards or to point a moral. Rosamond of the Purple Jar reappears in the _Birthday Present_, which gives one an odd picture of the customs of those days. We read of the little lace girl who leaves her pillow upon a stone before the door, and of the footman laced with silver, who having entangled the bobbins and kicked the pillow into the lane, jumps up behind his mistress"s coach and is out of sight in a minute. Wise Laura, who had not, like Rosamond, spent her half-guinea upon filigree paper, consoles the little weeping lace-maker, and presses her golden coin into her hand.
Lazy Lawrence is one of the prettiest stories in the collection. Who could read the story of Dutiful Jim and his love for old Lightfoot unmoved? Lightfoot deserves to take his humble place among the immortal winged steeds of mythology along with Pegasus, or with Black Bess, or Balaam"s a.s.s, or any other celebrated steeds.
Most children like the history of the Orphans; that quiet history in which the sister of twelve years old acts a mother"s part by the little children. I believe the story is founded on some real and modest heroine of those bygone days. Then, again, who has not sympathised with "Waste not, Want not," and with thoughtful Ben and his careful a.s.siduity? It would be curious to calculate how much good time has been sacrificed to saving worthless pieces of string in imitation of this thrifty but fascinating hero. But after all nothing is to compare to Simple Susan: how pretty the scene is where Susan, working in her arbour, hears the sound of her friend Philip"s pipe and tabor; the children come across the green with their garlands, leading up Susan"s lamb tied up with ribbons, the wicked agent skulks away; innocence and beauty triumph over wrong.
Friendship plays a no less important part in Miss Edgeworth"s stories than it did in her own actual experience. Many of the scenes of Miss Edgeworth"s stories are laid in manufacturing districts, and I have already quoted from the correspondence with Mr. Strutt, on whose sympathy and help she so greatly relied. Young Edward Strutt, afterwards Lord Belper, used to write to the young men at Edgeworthstown when he was a child of only nine years old. "I shall not be satisfied with any letter from you that does not mention every member of your uncle"s family and your own," says one of the young Edgeworths, writing back in answer to the boy. Mr. Edgeworth sends his sons in succession to visit his friend Mr. Strutt, and quotes from Pliny, saying: "The claim I now make to your favour is your having already done me favours. I introduce my fourth son to your notice simply upon the foundation of your having been very kind to his brothers."
In 1823 Miss Edgeworth, who has been writing to Mr. Strutt for years, addresses him as "my dear sir--my dear friend, I think I may venture to say!" She consults him upon details in her stories, and asks his advice on some matter connected with spinning-jennies. There also are many family events, charmingly chronicled in the orderly flowing characters of the lady, or the bolder writing of her correspondent; one letter concerns the election to Parliament of Mr. Edward Strutt in 1830.
The Strutts are all clever, Here"s Edward for ever,
she writes, and defends her doggerel by the "natural Irish spirits where the interests of a friend are concerned." As time goes on Lord Belper"s own letters appear, keeping up the family tradition of kindness and hospitality. The author"s conscientious painstaking strikes one, as one realises the care she bestowed upon her work. _La Triste Realite_, of which Mme. de Stael complained, has certainly its charm for the infant mind, and also for some maturer readers.
Archbishop Whately in one of his reviews upon Miss Edgeworth points out the change which has gradually come over story-telling. "Instead of the splendid scenes of an imaginary world, striking representations of that which is daily taking place around us are set forth," he says. "We now turn to _Flemish painting_"--so he calls the descriptions; and he adds that a novel which makes good its pretensions of giving a perfectly correct picture of common life, becomes a far more instructive work than one of superior merit belonging to the imaginative cla.s.s; for, as he tells us, "It guides the judgment and supplies a kind of artificial experience of life." It is also Whately who complains--not exactly as one would expect an archbishop to complain--that Miss Edgeworth"s stories are too improving, too didactic. "She would, we think, instruct more successfully, and we are sure please more frequently, if she kept the design of teaching more out of sight," he writes. If Whately were alive to review the novels of our own day, he might after all prefer "the splendid scenes of an imaginary world" to the favourite experiments in garbage of our present Laura Matildas. It is true the books sell by thousands. They certainly prove that the successful discovery of the age is _not_ to point out what is right but what is wrong. Books used to be coa.r.s.e and jocular; our books are earnest and indecent on principle. One hears of the _revolting_ daughters who are so much to the front, the same word in a different sense may perhaps apply to a favourite school of authors now in vogue.
There is, however, a compensating balance in every adjustment of the scales of life: along with the minor virtues which are so much out of fashion, such as modesty, decency, good breeding, etc., follows the expulsion of a great many minor vices, such as affectation, disingenuousness, exclusiveness, and worldly wisdom. The latter qualities still exist of course, but in a rather shame-stricken, apologetic sort of way. Besides the gibes of literature, they have to contend with all sorts of opposing influences,--with omnibuses, depreciated investments, penny papers, county councils, all of which certainly place altruism and public spirit in the place of the more personal egotisms of our grandfathers.
PREFACE
ADDRESSED TO PARENTS
Our great lexicographer, in his celebrated eulogium on Dr. Watts, thus speaks in commendation of those productions which he so successfully penned for the pleasure and instruction of the juvenile portion of the community.
"For children," says Dr. Johnson, "he condescended to lay aside the philosopher, the scholar, and the wit, to write little poems of devotion, and systems of instruction adapted to their wants and capacities, from the dawn of reason to its gradation of advance in the morning of life. Every man acquainted with the common principles of human action will look with veneration on the writer who is at one time combating Locke and at another time making a catechism for _children in their fourth year_. A voluntary descent from the dignity of science is perhaps the hardest lesson which humility can teach."
It seems, however, no very easy task to write for children. Those only who have been interested in the education of a family, who have patiently followed children through the first processes of reasoning, who have daily watched over their thoughts and feelings--those only who know with what ease and rapidity the early a.s.sociations of ideas are formed, on which the future taste, character, and happiness depend, can feel the dangers and difficulties of such an undertaking.
Indeed, in all sciences the grand difficulty has been to ascertain facts--a difficulty which, in the science of education, peculiar circ.u.mstances conspire to increase. Here the objects of every experiment are so interesting that we cannot hold our minds indifferent to the result. Nor is it to be expected that many registers of experiments, successful and unsuccessful, should be kept, much less should be published, when we consider that the combined powers of affection and vanity, of partiality to his child and to his theory, will act upon the mind of a parent, in opposition to the abstract love of justice, and the general desire to increase the wisdom and happiness of mankind.
Notwithstanding these difficulties, an attempt to keep such a register has actually been made. The design has from time to time been pursued.
Though much has not been collected, every circ.u.mstance and conversation that have been preserved are faithfully and accurately related, and these notes have been of great advantage to the writer of the following stories.
The question, whether society could exist without the distinction of ranks, is a question involving a variety of complicated discussions, which we leave to the politician and the legislator. At present it is necessary that the education of different ranks should, in some respects, be different. They have few ideas, few habits, in common; their peculiar vices and virtues do not arise from the same causes, and their ambition is to be directed to different objects. But justice, truth, and humanity are confined to no particular rank, and should be enforced with equal care and energy upon the minds of young people of every station; and it is hoped that these principles have never been forgotten in the following pages.
As the ideas of children multiply, the language of their books should become less simple; else their taste will quickly be disgusted, or will remain stationary. Children that live with people who converse with elegance will not be contented with a style inferior to what they hear from everybody near them.
All poetical allusions, however, have been avoided in this book; such situations only are described as children can easily imagine, and which may consequently interest their feelings. Such examples of virtue are painted as are not above their conception of excellence, or their powers of sympathy and emulation.
It is not easy to give _rewards_ to children which shall not indirectly do them harm by fostering some hurtful taste or pa.s.sion. In the story of "Lazy Lawrence," where the object was to excite a spirit of industry, care has been taken to proportion the reward to the exertion, and to demonstrate that people feel cheerful and happy whilst they are employed. The reward of our industrious boy, though it be money, is only money considered as the means of gratifying a benevolent wish. In a commercial nation it is especially necessary to separate, as much as possible, the spirit of industry and avarice; and to beware lest we introduce Vice under the form of Virtue.
In the story of "Tarlton and Loveit" are represented the danger and the folly of that weakness of mind, and that easiness to be led, which too often pa.s.s for good nature; and in the tale of the "False Key" are pointed out some of the evils to which a well-educated boy, on first going to service, is exposed from the profligacy of his fellow-servants.
In the "Birthday Present," and in the character of Mrs. Theresa Tattle, the _Parent"s a.s.sistant_ has pointed out the dangers which may arise in education from a bad servant or a common acquaintance.
In the "Barring Out" the errors to which a high spirit and the love of party are apt to lead have been made the subject of correction, and it is hoped that the common fault of making the most mischievous characters appear the most _active_ and the most ingenious has been as much as possible avoided. _Unsuccessful_ cunning will not be admired, and cannot induce imitation.
It has been attempted, in these stories, to provide antidotes against ill-humour, the epidemic rage for dissipation, and the fatal propensity to admire and imitate whatever the fashion of the moment may distinguish. Were young people, either in public schools or in private families, absolutely free from bad examples, it would not be advisable to introduce despicable and vicious characters in books intended for their improvement. But in real life they _must_ see vice, and it is best that they should be early shocked with the representation of what they are to avoid. There is a great deal of difference between innocence and ignorance.
To prevent the precepts of morality from tiring the ear and the mind, it was necessary to make the stories in which they are introduced in some measure dramatic; to keep alive hope and fear and curiosity, by some degree of intricacy. At the same time, care has been taken to avoid inflaming the imagination, or exciting a restless spirit of adventure, by exhibiting false views of life, and creating hopes which, in the ordinary course of things, cannot be realised.
THE ORPHANS
Near the ruins of the castle of Rossmore, in Ireland, is a small cabin, in which there once lived a widow and her four children. As long as she was able to work, she was very industrious, and was accounted the best spinner in the parish; but she overworked herself at last, and fell ill, so that she could not sit to her wheel as she used to do, and was obliged to give it up to her eldest daughter, Mary.
Mary was at this time about twelve years old. One evening she was sitting at the foot of her mother"s bed spinning, and her little brothers and sisters were gathered round the fire eating their potatoes and milk for supper. "Bless them, the poor young creatures!" said the widow, who, as she lay on her bed, which she knew must be her deathbed, was thinking of what would become of her children after she was gone.
Mary stopped her wheel, for she was afraid that the noise of it had wakened her mother, and would hinder her from going to sleep again.
"No need to stop the wheel, Mary, dear, for me," said her mother, "I was not asleep; nor is it _that_ which keeps me from sleep. But don"t overwork yourself, Mary." "Oh, no fear of that," replied Mary; "I"m strong and hearty." "So was I once," said her mother. "And so you will be again, I hope," said Mary, "when the fine weather comes again."
"The fine weather will never come again to me," said her mother. ""Tis a folly, Mary, to hope for that; but what I hope is, that you"ll find some friend--some help--orphans as you"ll soon all of you be. And one thing comforts my heart, even as I _am_ lying here, that not a soul in the wide world I am leaving has to complain of me. Though poor I have lived honest, and I have brought you up to be the same, Mary; and I am sure the little ones will take after you; for you"ll be good to them--as good to them as you can."
Here the children, who had finished eating their suppers, came round the bed, to listen to what their mother was saying. She was tired of speaking, for she was very weak; but she took their little hands as they laid them on the bed, and joining them all together, she said, "Bless you, dears--bless you; love and help one another all you can. Good night!--good-bye!"
Mary took the children away to their bed, for she saw that their mother was too ill to say more; but Mary did not herself know how ill she was.
Her mother never spoke rightly afterwards, but talked in a confused way about some debts, and one in particular, which she owed to a schoolmistress for Mary"s schooling; and then she charged Mary to go and pay it, because she was not able to _go in_ with it. At the end of the week she was dead and buried, and the orphans were left alone in their cabin.
The two youngest girls, Peggy and Nancy, were six and seven years old.
Edmund was not yet nine, but he was a stout-grown, healthy boy, and well disposed to work. He had been used to bring home turf from the bog on his back, to lead carthorses, and often to go on errands for gentlemen"s families, who paid him a sixpence or a shilling, according to the distance which he went, so that Edmund, by some or other of these little employments, was, as he said, likely enough to earn his bread; and he told Mary to have a good heart, for that he should every year grow able to do more and more, and that he should never forget his mother"s words when she last gave him her blessing and joined their hands all together.