"_Senator Carmack_. Did you not want the Filipino forces?
"_Admiral Dewey_. No, not really. It was their own idea coming over there. We could have taken the city at any moment we had the troops to occupy it."
Admiral Dewey has made the following statements relative to the importance of Aguinaldo"s military operations:--
"Then he began operations toward Manila, and he did wonderfully well. He whipped the Spaniards battle after battle, and finally put one of those old smoothbore guns on a barge, and he wanted to take this up--wanted me to tow it up so he could attack the city with it. I said, "Oh, no, no; we can do nothing until our troops come." I knew he could not take the city without the a.s.sistance of the navy, without my a.s.sistance, and I knew that what he was doing--driving the Spaniards in--was saving our own troops, because our own men perhaps would have had to do that same thing. He and I were always on the most friendly terms; we had never had any differences. He considered me as his liberator, as his friend. I think he had the highest admiration for us because we had whipped the Spaniards who had been riding them down for three hundred years.
"_Senator Patterson_ (continuing). You sent this short dispatch to the Secretary of the Navy:--
""Aguinaldo, the revolutionary leader, visited the _Olympia_ yesterday. He expects to make general attack on May 31. Doubt his ability to succeed. Situation remains unchanged."
"Do you recall that visit?
"_Admiral Dewey_. Yes.
"_Senator Patterson_. He came to tell you, did he, that he was going to make a general attack, and you--
"_Admiral Dewey_. Yes.
"_Senator Patterson_. And you doubted his ability to succeed?
"_Admiral Dewey_. And he wanted me to a.s.sist him. He wanted me to tow one of his guns up into position. I knew he could not take the city; of course he could not.
"_Senator Patterson_. Did you urge that he should not make the attack?
"_Admiral Dewey_. I do not remember that; very likely I did.
"_Senator Patterson_. And was he not persuaded or restrained by you from doing so?
"_Admiral Dewey_. I do not remember; but it is very likely. I did not want to see a lot of them killed unnecessarily, because I knew they could not take that walled city. They had no artillery, and they could not take it, I knew very well, and I wanted the situation to remain as it was until our troops came to occupy it.
"_Senator Patterson_. But you found that whenever you expressed a strong objection to anything being done at that time that Aguinaldo yielded to your request?
"_Admiral Dewey_. Up to the time the army came he did everything I requested. I had not much to do with him after the army came." [101]
But Dewey"s influence over Aguinaldo was not sufficient to prevent his looting, as the following extracts from his testimony show:--
"_Senator Patterson_. Is that what you mean when you say he looted--that he made reprisals for his army, took provisions and whatever was necessary? That is what you meant?
"_Admiral Dewey_. That is one part of it.
"_Senator Carmack_. This was taking provisions for the use of the army?
"_Admiral Dewey_. That is one thing he did.
"_Senator Carmack_. You said you did not object to that at the time?
"_Admiral Dewey_. No. It would have been useless; he got beyond me very soon--he got out of my hands very soon. [102]
"_Senator Carmack_. You said yesterday you suspected that Aguinaldo took the lion"s share of the provisions that were gathered for the army. What was the ground upon which you made that accusation?
"_Admiral Dewey_. Because he was living in Malolos like a prince, like a king, in a way that could only have come about by his taking the lion"s share. Then, in regard to his looting, I repeat what I said yesterday. He began within forty-eight hours after he landed in Cavite to capture and take everything he wanted. I know these things of my own knowledge, because I saw the loot brought in; and I know that every dollar that was taken from the workingmen at the navy-yard was taken at the threat of death. [103]
"_Senator Patterson_. Do you believe in this proclamation he was uttering falsehoods to the Filipino people?
"_Admiral Dewey_. Yes; I do absolutely. I think he was there for gain--for money--that independence had never up to that time entered his head. He was there for loot and money. That is what I believe, since you ask me my belief; I believe that implicitly. [104]
"_Senator Patterson_. And you found nothing to cause any doubt as to his loyalty up to the time until after Manila surrendered?
"_Admiral Dewey_. His loyalty to whom?
"_Senator Patterson_. To you and to the cause for which he was fighting?
"_Admiral Dewey_. I began to suspect he was not loyal to us about the time our troops arrived, when he demurred at moving out of Cavite to make room for our troops.
"_Senator Patterson_. Do you mean by that that you feared that he was commencing to think more of independence than the success of the American cause?
"_Admiral Dewey_. Yes." [105]
We have seen to what extent Aguinaldo cooperated with the marine forces of the United States. Now let us examine the claim that he cooperated with the land forces after their arrival.
One of the things which the Insurgents are said to have accomplished was the maintenance of an effective land blockade which prevented the entrance of provisions, and produced a very serious food shortage. Both Otis and Dewey have stated that they did this, but we learn from the Insurgent records how erroneous was this conclusion. [106]
The landing of the American troops for the attack on Manila was not actively opposed by the Filipinos, but it was narrowly and distrustfully watched.
Necessary transportation requested by General Anderson was ultimately furnished by Aguinaldo, but only grudgingly after a three weeks"
delay, and as a result of threats that it would be seized if not voluntarily supplied.
The necessary positions in the trenches around Manila from which to make the attack on that city were, in part at least, yielded to the Americans by the Filipinos upon the request of the former.
The Insurgents twice informed the Spaniards in advance of projected American attacks.
They carried out their own attack on the city without regard to the plans, or the requests, of the Americans. They secretly treated with the Spaniards in the endeavour to secure the surrender of the city to themselves.
After the capitulation to the Americans had been agreed upon, and on the very morning of the day of the surrender, they endeavoured to push home an attack. Disregarding the request that they keep out of the final a.s.sault, they crowded into the city with, and after, the American troops. They fired on Spanish soldiers on the city wall while a flag of truce was flying, provoking a return fire which killed and wounded American soldiers.
They demanded for themselves Malacanang palace and other buildings and a share in "the war booty." They promptly looted the parts of the city which they occupied, and ultimately retired from their positions within the city limits on the evening of their last day of grace after being warned by General Otis that if they did not do so they would be driven out.
I will now quote from the records in support of these statements.
The following is the programme of "cooperation" outlined to Aguinaldo by Bray in a letter dated June 30, 1898:--
"I am very anxious to receive the news of the capitulation of Manila and I hope that General Augustin will be obliged to turn over his sword to you in person and not to the Americans. You are by right ent.i.tled to it and I should like to see it so from a political standpoint, as I am of the opinion that you should declare the independence of the Philippines before the arrival of General Merritt, appointed by the President to be Governor with full powers to establish a provisional government.